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Flashcards in Neuropathology 1 Deck (17)
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1
Q

Primary change which takes place in the soma in response to axonic transection

A

Chromatolysis

2
Q

Why are neurones extremely sensitive to hypoxia?

A

Cannot use anaerobic glycolysis

3
Q

What is gliosis and what is the significance of it?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes, in response to CNS damage. It’s the most important indicator of CNS injury

4
Q

What is the response of microglia to CNS injury? (3)

A

Proliferate, become enlarged and carry out neuronophagia of dead neurones

5
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

Ability of the brain to maintain constant blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressures

6
Q

What provides the a) anterior and b) posterior circulations of the brain? How are these linked?

A

a) internal carotid
b) vertebral arteries
c) circle of willis

7
Q

In what distribution are cerebral infarcts most common?

A

Distribution of the middle cerebral artery

8
Q

Two possible effects of a cerebellar infarct

A

Ataxia

Intention tremor

9
Q

How can haemorrhage cause stroke?

A

Compress blood vessels supplying the brain around the haemorrhage

10
Q

What are “watershed” areas?

A

Arterial border zones- first to be deprived of blood supply during hypotensive episodes

11
Q

What is the leading cause of stroke?

A

Thrombotic/embolic stroke

12
Q

Where do most thromboses form?

A

Bifurcation of the common carotids, or in basilar artery

13
Q

How can subarachnoid haemorrhage lead to brain infarct? (2)

A

Vasospasm (seen in 40%)

Mass effect of haematoma and raised ICP

14
Q

Signs of subarchnoid haemorrhage (4)

A

Sudden onset severe headache
Vomiting
Loss of consciousness
Meningeal signs (neck rigidity)

15
Q

How can subarachnoid haemorrhage cause acute hydrocephalus?

A

Interrupts the flow of CSF

16
Q

What are the possible consequences of hypertension in the brain? (3)

A

Increased atheroma
Lacunar infarcts
Hypertensive encephalopathy (when upper limit of autoregulation is exceeded, e.g. eclampsia or malignant hypertension)

17
Q

What can multiple lacunar infarcts be responsible for?

A

Vascular dementia