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Oncology > Onc > Flashcards

Onc Flashcards

1
Q

What is the grade of a cancer?

A

How much is resembles cells of origin

Poorly differentiated= dont resemble original cell and rpaid growth

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2
Q

What is stage of cancer?

A

Size and spread

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3
Q

Explain TNM staging?

A

Tumour 0-4 depending on cancer
Nodes (0 -2)
Mets (0-1)

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4
Q

What is neo adjuvant chemo?

A

Before surgery to shrink tumour

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5
Q

What is adjuvant chemo?

A

Post chemo

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6
Q

How does radiotherapy work?

A

Creates O2 free radicals whichdamage DNA

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7
Q

Which causes more side effects? More small sessions or fewer long ones?

A

Fewer long ones- used for palliative chemo

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8
Q

What are short term side effects of chemo?

A 
Nausea
Vomit
Anorexia
Oesophagitis
Diarrhoea
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9
Q

What is initial response to immunotherapy?

A

Causes tumour to swell

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10
Q

What ECG sign is present in hypercalcaemia?

A

Short QT

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11
Q

How is hypercalcaemia managed?

A

Rehydrate

Bisphosphonates- Pamindronate

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12
Q

What are side effects of bisphosphonates?

A 
Bone pain
Myalgia
Headache
Low phosphate
Osteonecrosis of jaw
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13
Q

What is given for persistant hypercalcaemia?

A

Denosumab monoclonal ab which inhibits RANK and this osteoclast maturation

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14
Q

What malignancies cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Breast
Myeloma
Lung
Prostate

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15
Q

How do you investigate SVCO?

A

CT and Doppler

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16
Q

How to you manage SVCO?

A

Elevate head
O2
Dexamethasone
Stenting or radiotherapy

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17
Q

Why are cancer patients prone to catastrophic bleed?

A

Low platelets or liver pathology

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18
Q

How is catastrophic bleeding managed?

A

Transexamic acid
Arenaline soaked gauze
Oral transxeamic acid

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19
Q

What are risk factors for tumour lysis syndrome?

A

Volume depletion
Renal impairment
High pre treatment urate/lactate/LDH

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20
Q

What is presentation of tumour lysis syndrome?

A 
Weakness
Constipation
Vomit
Palpitations
Chest pain
Arrythmias and collapse
Decrased urine output
AKI
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21
Q

What is pathophysiology of tumour lysis syndrome?

A

AKI caused by high urate and calcium deposits in tubules

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22
Q

What is seen in metabolic picture in tumour lysis syndrome?

A

Hyperuricaemia
Hyperphosphateaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypocalcaemia

23
Q

What is prophylaxis used in tumour lysis syndrome?

A

Fluids
Allopurinol (lowers uric acid production)
Rasburicase (lower uric acid in blood)

24
Q

How is tumour lysis syndrome treated?

A 
FLUID
Calcium gluconate
IV insulin
Salbutamol neb
Rasburicase
Acetazolomide
Dialysis if severe
25
Q

What is given as prophylaxis for neutropaenic sepsis?

A

Fluoroquinolone

26
Q

Where does the spinal cord end of cauda equina?

A

L1

27
Q

What is given to manage Spinal cord compression?

A 
Dex and PPI
Bisphosphonate for bone pain
VTE prophylaxis
REHAB
MRI whole spine
28
Q

What is given to treat neutropaenic sepsis?

A

Piperacillin

Tazobactam

29
Q

What are most breast cancers?

A

Ductal

30
Q

What is used to treat oestrogen sensistive breast cancers in premenopausal women?

A

Tamoxifen

31
Q

What is used to treat oestrogen sensitive breast cancers if post menopausal?

A

Aromatase inhibitors

32
Q

What is used to treat HER 2 sensitive breast cancers?

A

Herceptin

33
Q

What is used to treat triple negative breast cancers?

A

AGGRESSIVE Adjuvant chemo only

34
Q

What kind of lung cancer do non smokers get?

A

Adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)

35
Q

What prognostic score is use in breast cancer?

A

Nottingham

36
Q

What score is used for survuval in Colorectal cancer?

A

Duke’s

37
Q

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

A

TRUS biopsies

Low is less than 6

38
Q

What aged people are screened for breast cancer and how often and how?

A

50-70 every 3 years

Mammography

39
Q

What age of person is screened for bowel cancer?

A

FIT test

50-74 years

40
Q

What ages of women are scervical screened?

A

25-49 3 yearlys

50-65 5 yearly

41
Q

What results are seen in cytology from a smear?

A

Inadequate, normal or abnormal

42
Q

Of the abnormal cytology how is broken down further?

A

Borderline
Low grade dyskaryosis- colp
High grade (2 week wait)
Borderline then tested for HPV- if pos = colposcopy

43
Q

WHat is done if colposcopy is positive?

A

Cone biopsy

44
Q

What % of background dose is used for breakthrough pain?

A

1/10 to 1/6

45
Q

How do you calculate a 24 plan for pain releif on opiates?

A

Convert all doses of opiates in 24 hours to oral morphine and sum up, then convert to subcut/IV

46
Q

How much stronger is IV/subcut opiate to oral

A

DOUBLE as strong subcut

47
Q

What is given for nausea in palliative care if mechanical cause?

A

Metoclopramide

Pro kinetc

48
Q

What is given for nausea in palliative care if chemical induced?

A

Haloperidol (D2)

49
Q

What anti sickness drugs arent given in palliative care?

A

Cyclizine
Ondansetron (constipation)
Antimuscarinics

50
Q

Why is cyclizine not given palliatively?

A

Causes halluncations when mixed with opiates

51
Q

What is used in palliative care anxiolytic?

A

Midazolam

52
Q

What is used for breathlessness in palliative care?

A

Morphine

53
Q

What is used for secretions in palliative care?

A

Hyoscine Butylbromide (anticholinergic)

54
Q

What is the gene mutation for breast cancer that is checked as well as BRCA?

A

P53 gene mutations

Oncology (1 decks)

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