Organic (Y1) - Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards

Basic introduction to organic chem.

1
Q

What’s a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon ONLY.

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

contain single carbon-carbon bonds only

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3
Q

Define Unsaturated

A

Contains a Carbon=Carbon double bond

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4
Q

Define Molecular formula

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

Define Empirical Formula

A

Shows the whole number ratio of atoms of each element.

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6
Q

Define Structural Formula

A

shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

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7
Q

Define Displayed

A

Show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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8
Q

Think of examples of a displayed formula

A

When drawing organic compounds add the hydrogen atoms so that H each carbon has 4 bonds.

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9
Q

What’s the skeletal formula?

A

shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional Groups.

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10
Q

What’s the functional group?

A

is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties.

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11
Q

What are Homolgous series and can you think of any examples.

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and Same general formula.

  • They show a gradual change in physical properties e.g. B.P.
  • Same chemical properties
  • Each member differs by CH2 from the last.
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12
Q

The general rules for naming carbon chains

A
  • Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately.
  • Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain.
  • Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain.
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13
Q

What’s homolytic fission?

A

When EACH atom gets ONE electron from the covalent bond - A one headed arrow shows movement of one electron. The bond has broken in the process called homolytic fission.

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14
Q

What is formed after homolytic fission?

A

2 free radicals are formed.

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15
Q

What’s the definition of a free radical?

A

A free radical is a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron. Free radicals do not have a charge but are represented with a bold dot.

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16
Q

What’s heterolytic fission?

A

When one atom gets both electrons - two headed arrows used to represent this.

17
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula different structures.

18
Q

Define Chain isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.

19
Q

Define Position isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

20
Q

Define functional group isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

21
Q

Define stereoisomers / describe them

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms.

22
Q

Why do E-Z isomers exist?

A

E-Z isomers exist due to restricted rotation about the C=C double bond. Alkenes can exhibit E-Z stereoisomerism.

23
Q

When do E-Z stereoisomers arise?

A

a) There’s a restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.

b) There are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond.

24
Q

What’s the priority group?

A

Priority group: The atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom.

25
Q

Steps to determining the name of E-Z Stereoisomers.

A

1) Determine the priority groups on both sides of the C=C double bond.
2) If priority atoms on the same side of the double bond it is labelled X from the german zusammen (The Zame Zide).
3) If the priority atom is on the opposite side of the double bond it is labelled E from the german entgegan (The Epposite side).

26
Q

What are the Cahn-Ingold-prelog (CIP) priority rules?

A
  1. Compare the atomic number of the atoms directly attached to each side of the double bond; the atom of higher atomic number is given priority.
  2. If the atoms are on the same side, consider the atoms at distance 2 from the double bond. Make a list of each atom bonded to the one directly attached to the double bond. Arrange list in order of decreasing atomic number. Compare the lists atom by atom; at earliest difference, the group containing the atom of higher atomic number is given priority.
27
Q

Effect of EZ stereoisomers on physical properties. What do you think they can do? Think of the polarity and electronegativity of bonds.

A

Some molecules may be polar and some may be non-polar. The polar molecules tend to have a higher boiling point and melting point because the bonds are stronger and therefore harder to break.