Dorsal
Back
Ventral
Front
Rostral
Headward
Caudal
Buttward
Ipsilateral
Same side
Contralateral
Opposite side
Afferent
Carries information into a region
Efferent
carries information away from a region
Horizontal plane
Divides top and bottom
Sagittal plane
Divides left and right
Coronal plane
Divides front and back
Focal Process
Focal pathology from a single lesion.
Stroke
Multifocal Process
Multifocal pathology at separate sites.
MS
Diffuse Process
Diffuse dysfunction of the nervous system is produced by toxins and metabolic abnormalities.
Alcohol intoxication
CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
Somatic
Autonomic
White matter
Axon bundles
color due to myelin
Gray matter
Cell bodies
Anatomic lesion
Dysfuntion resulting from structural damage.
Physiologic lesion
Reflecting neuronal dysfuntion in the absence of demonstrable anatomic abnormatlities.
Symptoms
Subjective experiences from the disorder.
Signs
Objective abnormalities detected on examination or via lab tests.
Negative manifestations reflect damage to _____.
neurons
Negative manifestations result from _____.
loss of function
Parkinson,MS
Positive abnormalities result from _____.
inappropriate excitation of neurons
Most nervous system paths in people are _____.
crossed
symptoms are usually contralateral to the lesion in the CNS
The major exception to crossed CNS paths is the _____.
cerebellum
Gray matter lesions impair function of _____ and _____, leading to _____.
neuronal cell bodies
synapses
negative/positive abnormalities
White matter lesions block _____ and produce _____ signs and symtoms.
axonal conduction
negative
Optic neuritis
Demyelination of the optic nerve, causes blindness.
Upper motor neuron
Lesion in brain or spinal cord
Lower motor neuron
peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction
Hyperreflexia
UMN lesion
Hyporeflexia
LMN lesion