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Flashcards in Past q 1 Deck (52)
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1
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

It is a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell). Pain reception “ sensation is based on receptor function of nociceptive free nerve endings

2
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Receptor is found in the same organ (muscle) as the effector (muscle). It is maintaining muscular tone. Definition: detection of changes in body posture. Function: information about
the posture and gait

3
Q

What are exteroceptive reflex?

A

Receptor is found in an organ (skin) different from that of the effector (muscle)

4
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

Is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves

5
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Is an autoimmune disease or congenital neuromuscular disease, which results from antibodies that block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle. This prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle contraction “ muscle weakness.

6
Q

If craniocervical part of spine damaged, what happens?

A

No UMN to front - and hind limb (Tetra paresis)
Respiratory failure
Decreased proprioception

7
Q

Thoracolumbar part of spine damaged:

A

No LMN to hind limb

Front limb: normal

8
Q

Caudocervical part of spine damaged:

A

Front limb: LMN

Hind limb: UMN

9
Q

Lumbosacral part of spine damaged:

A

Front limb: normal

Hind limb: LMN

10
Q

Altered function in LMN results in:

A

Hyporeflexy
Hypo-/atonia of muscles
Flaccid paresis

11
Q

Greek meaning of “apoptosis”:

A

“Falling off” “ programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms

12
Q

Released in acute stress:

A

Catecholamine’s (Epinephrine (adrenalin), Norepinephrine)

13
Q

Released in chronic stress:

A

Glucocorticoids

14
Q

What can cause grass tetany?

A

Lack of magnesium (Hypomagnesaemia)

15
Q

Pathogenesis of milk fever?

A

Decreased Ca. Decreased P. Increased Mg

16
Q

Steroid hormones can cause:

A

Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)

17
Q

Blood loss anaemia:

A

Acute bleeding leading to hypovolaemia

18
Q

Chronic blood loss:

A

Caused by iron (Fe) deficiency

19
Q

Urolith/bladder stone is caused by:

A

High P

20
Q

Cushing ́s disease is the same as:

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

21
Q

Addison ́s disease is the same as:

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

22
Q

Which is a lipoprotein?

A

Is a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood
plasma. HDL, LDL, VLDL, IDL

23
Q

Non-regenerative anaemia can be caused by:

A

Bracken fern toxicosis (pteridium aquilinum)

24
Q

What can be the causes of haemolysis:

A

Babesia, is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells causing a disease known as babesiosis

25
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing:

A

Gradual increase of breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, and then followed by a period of apnea

26
Q

Hypothermia means:

A

Occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature and organ malfunction

27
Q

In cholestasis:

A

Increase of GGT and ALKP

28
Q

Altered function in UMN will result in:

A

Hyperreflexy
Spastic paresis
Rigidity

29
Q

CRT acts on the:

A

Pituitary gland

30
Q

Methaemoglobin is caused by:

A

Nitrates or copper

31
Q

What are xenobiotics:

A

Foreign chemical not usually found in an organism (antibiotics and food additives)

32
Q

Obstipation:

A

Extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system

33
Q

Vitium (defect) is a:

A

Stable condition

34
Q

Is Mg important for iso-osmosis?

A

Not important

35
Q

Venous pressure in the kidney:

A

Hypovolemic shock

36
Q

Which is the most severe dehydration?

A

Hypertonic (total global dehydration)

37
Q

Inflammation hemodynamic:

A

Vessel permeability increase

38
Q

Ion involved in arrhythmias:

A

K+ (potassium)

39
Q

Increase acid:

A

Increase anion gap.

40
Q

Hypochloraemia is caused by:

A

Vomiting, abdominal displacement, diarrhea and sweating in horses

41
Q

DIC is:

A

Not a primary condition

42
Q

Left Displaced Abomasum / Right Displaced Abomasum is most common:

A

LDA most common without torsion

RDA is more severe, most often with torsion

43
Q

Ethylene glycol toxicosis:

A

Metabolites damage the kidneys

44
Q

Oncotic pressure decrease:

A

Less fluid taken back into the blood = filtration increases

45
Q

Dalmatians:

A

Has no uricase enzyme, uric acid excretion decrease. Gout can occur

46
Q

What is gout?

A

A form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint

47
Q

Rhabdomyolysis:

A

Breakdown of striated muscles (low O2, free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, infection)

48
Q

Spinal injury location:

A

Narrowed down to 1 of 4 sections

49
Q

Which cranial nerve affects mastication in dog?

A

5th nerve, trigeminal nerve

50
Q

Which cranial nerve affects mastication in horse?

A

7th nerve, facial nerve

51
Q

Which cranial nerve affects mastication in ruminants?

A

12th nerve, hypoglossal nerve

52
Q

Botulism. What does it inactivate?

A

Blocks nerve function through inhibition of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)