Na concentration?
140-150 mmol/L
What is true?
Genetic diseases are always congenital
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones, typically due to a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium
What is wrong about starvation?
Is not a storage disorder
Low iron in piglets is caused by:
Poor iron stores
What is true?
Vomiting cause alkalosis
Increased acid
Causes increased anion gap
Liver enzymes increase in:
Liver malfunction
Which is correct?
Congenital defect in growth hormone leads to dwarfism
Renal osteopathy:
Mineral mobilization from bones
Apoptosis in embryo:
Forms cavities and fingers
What is not correct?
Vitamin E and Se cause encephalomalatica
Incorrect statement about free radicals:
Saturated fats are more susceptible
Sub-ileus:
Lumen is partially occluded or blocked
Paralytic ileus:
Blockage of intestine due to paralysis of the intestine
Leukotriene’s:
Eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes. Regulate the immune responses is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis
Blood brain barrier:
Slow diffusion - glucose, VFA, amino acids, antibiotics
Fast diffusion - CO2, O2, drugs, anesthetics narcotics, non-polar + small molecules like urea
No diffusion - HCO3-, albumin, ammonia
B12 deficiency:
Macrocytic. NORMO-chromic
What is allodynia?
Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions. Such as neuropathies, complex regional pain syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat nerve damage including spinal
cord injury
Impulse formative disorder
Tetany, convulsion
Lactobacilli, when do they overgrow?
In case of cytolytic vaginosis. Leads to acidity and irritation
In case of frothy bloat. What helps the animal?
Antifoaming agent
Fatty liver. Disturbances in gluconeogenesis and..?
Decreased transport of lipoprotein production (e.g. VLDL)
LMN
Also called lower motor neuron. For voluntary movement of eyes, tongue, face “ vocalization, swallowing and chewing
What is atrophy?
Decreased size of the muscle, partial or complete wasting away a part of the body
What is hypotonia?
Decreased tone of the muscle, “floppy baby syndrome”
Vitamin E is an?
Antioxidant: against free radical, prevent LDL formation, anticoagulant and prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid
Ions in the extra-cellular space:
Cations: Na+ and Ca2+ // Anions: Cl- and HCO3
Cats regarding bilirubin. What is special about it?
Cats tend more to have Bilirubinuria
What is a not a “production disorder”?
Starvation
What stimulate gastric acid production?
Gastrin, Acetylcholine and Histamine (and ghrelin)
What is vitium?
A fault, defect or vice.
What is apoptosis?
The death of cells, which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or
development
Diabetes insipidus. Does ADH decrease or increase?
ADH decrease
Lipids in cell membrane?
Phospholipids, Sphingomyelin and Glycolipids
Where is vitamin E an anti-oxidant?
Inside the cell membrane
Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological disorder?
Quantitative disorder
Clinical sign of hematological disorder?
Patechia, ecchymosis, hematoma, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium
How do you measure APTT?
Intrinsic pathway: silicon dioxide as activator
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic: APTT // Extrinsic: PT // Common: TT, everything increase
When is UBG found in urine?
Pre hepatic and hepatic icterus
Which disease doesn’t occur in this state?
White muscle disease
Portosystemic shunt, when does it occur?
Intrahepatic - often in large breed dogs
Heart stops in systole or diastole in some compulsory state.
Diastole
Shock enzyme of the liver?
AST and ALT increase
Gastric mucosal barriers
Epithelial cells, mucous secretion and layer of bicarbonate ions
What is true about free radicals?
It is a highly reactive and unstable molecule; they will stabilize by stealing/receiving an electron from a nearby molecule
Von Willebrand’s disease; what is true?
Congenital, factor 8
Uricosis/gout which one is correct
Uric acid precipitates around blood vessels and joints
Frothy bloat of a cow is developed
It is caused when feed is concentrates (high in protein and lipids
Always acute, life threatening condition
Hoflund ́s syndrome
Clinical sign: bloat // Cause: foreign body in the reticulum causing reticulo-peritonitis
Dalmatian and gout, what is false?
Allantoin cannot turn to uric acids
Frothy bloat on the cow and the ions involved
Calcium and Phosphate increase