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Flashcards in Path Final Deck (39)
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1
Q

name the 3 signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

A
  1. headache
  2. nausea and vomiting
  3. papilledema ( swelling of optic disc)
2
Q

state the characteristics of hydrocephalus ex vaco

A
  • more common in elderly
  • result in brain atrophy brain kdisease
  • associaTED WITH LOSS OF NEURONS OR AXONS IN THE WHITE MATTER
  • LEAVES INCREASED SPACE IN CRANIAL FOSSA FILLED WITH CSF
    • disease associated with alzzheimer’s
3
Q

list the symptoms of hydrocephalus ex taco

A
  • bent knees
  • stooped posture
  • incontinence
  • loss of memory
4
Q

T/F Hyrdocephalus is a common condition in children

A

true

5
Q

describe how children may suffer from hydrocephalus

A
  • could be a dramatic increase of anterior fontanel and results in cranial hemangioma
  • during childbirth the bones may get stuck and pushes parietal bones
  • obstructs sagital sinus
6
Q

name the two complications with hydrocephalus

A
  1. increased intracranial pressure

2. herniation of cerebellar tonsils

7
Q

T/F
under normal circumstances, the brain receives 20% of the cardiac output and utilizes roughly 15% of the oxygen consumed by the body

A

false it is the opposite percentages

8
Q

what is the # 3 cause of death in US

A

Cerebral vascular disease (stroke)

9
Q

name the 3 types of strokes

A
  1. generalized reduction in blood flow
  2. infarct
  3. hemorrhage
10
Q

which stroke is due to an anaphylactic shock and causes the dilation of blood vessels and the blood all goes to the abdominal cavity due to gravity from the brain
- occurs 5% cases of strokes

A
  • generalized reduction in blood flow
11
Q

describe the characteristics of ischemic stroke

A
  • aka is infarct
  • it is caused by local vascular obstruction
  • it is 80% of cases - most common source
  • due to obstruction of blood flow in cerebral vessels of brain
  • necrotic tissue forms due to hypoxia
12
Q

name the characteristics of a hemorrhage stroke

A
  • it is within brain parenchyma or the subarachnoid space 15% CVD
  • may be intracerebral or subarachnoid
  • a lacunar infarction is involved (aka hyaline arteriosclerosis)
  • deals with byline change
  • this is more common with advanced hypertension
13
Q

Describe the mechanism of stroke development

A
  • a formation of atheroma in arterial wall which will lead to activation of platelets and give rise to a thrombus which will grow until it obstructs the lumen and tat portion of brain undergoes necrosis - (liquifactive necrosis)
    • it is replaced by microglia
14
Q

T/F
neuroglia assists in healing of the tissue of the brain and usually results in the shrinking of the brain … this repaidr is called gliosis

A

False

neuroglia does not shrink like connective tissue does

15
Q

describe what a lacunar infarction is

A

it deals with hyaline cartilage and is arteriosclerosis of the capillaries and undergoes obliteration resulting in micro infarctions
- more common with advanced hypertension

16
Q

in haline arteriosclerosis there are infarcts in nuclei of ____

A

midbrain

17
Q

what is the common cause of an ischemi stroke

A

thrombosis

- the emboli breaks off and travels through circulation and obstructs vessels with smaller lumen = causes infarction

18
Q

name the favorite places of atheroma development

A
  • cerebral artery
  • mesenteric artery
  • coronary artery
  • artery of extremities
19
Q

name the common location of atheroma

A
  • bifurcation of common carotid artery
  • bifurcation of internal carotid artery
    ( splits into middle and anterior cerebral arteries)
20
Q

where is the most vulnerable for ischemic stroke

A

territory of middle cerebral artery

21
Q

_______ is important source of thrombosis and goes to areas with good blood supply

A

mitral stenosis

22
Q

______ ______ creates embolism and development of hemmorrhagic stroke

A

bacterial endocarditis

23
Q

list some causes of an ischemic stroke

A
  • mitral stenosis
  • bacterial endocarditis
  • artificail valve
  • MI
24
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack AKA

A
  • temporary ischemic stroke
25
Q

pt cannot talk, walk and has unilateral loss of vision .. the episode lasted for a short time and everything restored to normal …. what type of stroke is this

A
  • Transient ischemic attack

- 1/3 of patients = TIA develops into real stroke after 6 months

26
Q

Name the two AKAs of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • parenchymal hemorrhagic stroke

- hypertensive hemmorrhagic stroke

27
Q

which stroke usually develops in people with long term advanced hypertension

A
  • Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
28
Q

describe how hypertension results in hyaline arteriosclerosis

A

there is replacement of vascular wall with hyaline protein (glass-like) , the wall becomes more brittle and is prone to rupture due to increase bp which leads to rupture of arteriole

29
Q

name the two AKA of subarachnoid hemorragic stroke

A
  • saccular aneurysm

- berry aneurysm

30
Q

describe what amaurosis fugax is

A
  • is a manifest in temporary unilateral loss of vision

- associated with temporary thrombosis of opthalmic artery

31
Q

_________ arteries are most commonly involved in hypertension

A

lenticulostriae arteries

32
Q

list some results in herniration of the brain

A
  • inflammation of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum (most serious)
  • arnold- chiari malformation
33
Q

list what usually occurs in a intracerebral hemorrhage stroke

A
  • hypertension
  • mechanical compression of brain tissue ( non- communicating hydrocephalus)
  • heniations
  • chemical function of blood in nervous tissue becomes toxic
  • produce loss of consciousness
34
Q

what usually is the cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • result of a rupture of aneurysm
  • 1% of pop. have it
  • from people born with weak middle layer of arteries
  • has a weak muscle layer of the bifurcation - leads to slow pouching of vascular wall develops into aneurysm
35
Q

what are the percentages of distribution of congenital cerebral aneurysm

A
  • 30% ant cerebral artery
  • 30% internal carotid artery
  • 25% middle cerebral artery
  • 2% post cerebral artery
  • 10% basilar artery
  • 3% vertebral artery
36
Q

T/F

aneurysm is no more than 3 cm in diameter

A

false

1 cm

37
Q

what measurement is most vulnerable for a rupture

A

4mm to 7mm

38
Q

name some characteristics of giant aneurysm

A
  • greater than 1 cm up to golf ball size 5cm
    same symptoms of a brain tumor due to increase pressure atrophy
    • hedaache, nausea and vomitting and papilledema
  • not as vulnerable to rupture as berry aneurysm
39
Q

name the 3 categories of brain injuries

A
  • epidural hematoma (above dura)
  • subdural hematoma (below dura)
  • traumatic parenchymal brain injury