Pelvic Masses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the commonest pelvic mass in females?

A

Fibroids (leiomyomas)

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2
Q

List clinical features of uterine fibroids

A

Asymptomatic
Menorrhagia
Pelvic mass
Pain/tenderness

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3
Q

Which investigations are appropriate if uterine fibroids are suspected?

A

Hb levels if heavy bleeding
Ultrasound usually diagnostic (smooth mass)
MRI for further localisation

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4
Q

What is the treatment for uterine fibroids?

A

Nothing if asymptomatic
Hysterectomy if family complete
Myomectomy
Uterine artery embolisation

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5
Q

List some causes of fallopian tube swellings

A

Ectopic pregnancy
Hydrosalpinx
Pyosalpinx
Paratubal cysts

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6
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong place (outwith uterus)

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7
Q

What is the typical appearance of endometriosis on the ovary on ultrasound? (buzzword)

A

Endometriomas/”chocolate cysts”

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8
Q

List clinical features of endometriosis

A

Severe dysmenorrhoea
Premenstrual pain
Dyspareunia

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9
Q

List the main primary ovarian tumours that arise from surface epithelium

A
Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid
Clear cell
Brenner
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10
Q

List the main primary ovarian tumours that arise from germ cells

A

Teratoma
Yolk sac tumour
Malignant germ cell tumour

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11
Q

What is the commonest benign ovarian tumour?

A

Dermoid cyst (teratoma)

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12
Q

What markers may be produced by malignant germ cell tumours?

A

HCG

AFP

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13
Q

What can be some weird features of teratoma and why?

A

Teeth or hair growing where it shouldn’t

These are germ cell tumours derived from pleuripotent cells that can differentiate into anything

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14
Q

What tumour markers should be investigated for if there is suspected ovarian cancer?

A

Ca 125

Carinoembryonic antigen

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15
Q

Normal levels of Ca 125 exclude ovarian cancer. True/False?

A

False

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16
Q

Measuring CEA is used to exclude what kind of ovarian cancer?

A

Exclude secondary metastasis from GI system

17
Q

What is the “risk of malignancy index” calculation for diagnosing ovarian cancer?

A

Menopausal status x serum Ca 125 x ultrasound score

18
Q

How are ovarian cysts treated?

A

Removal or drainage if benign
Removal of ovaries +/- uterus
Chemotherapy prior to surgery