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Flashcards in Pharmacology Deck (75)
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1
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.

2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.

3
Q

Classification by Modality

A

Grouping based on size and chemical structure.

4
Q

Small molecule drugs

A

Defined as having a molecular mass of 900 Daltons or less.

5
Q

Major symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Bodily Pain
  • Weakness
  • Excessive urination with high sugar content
  • Large apetite
  • Constant thirst
6
Q

In a canine model, early experimentalists studying diabetes found that it could be phenocopied by. . .

A

removal of the pancreas

(pancreatectomy)

7
Q

Sympathomimetic drug

A

A drug that mimics endogenous agents that act on the targets of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating many physiological parameters, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

8
Q

Common trade names of amphetamines

A

Adderall, Euekeo

9
Q

Neurochemical

A

A small organic chemical that acts on the central nervous system.

10
Q

Psychomotor activity

A

An activity that involves conscious coordination of motor skills.

11
Q

Psychostimulant

A

A drug that has stimulant properties and increases psychomotor activity.

12
Q
A
13
Q

Semi-synthetic drug

A

A drug based on a natural product that is then chemically modified.

14
Q

Sublingual administration

A

Applied under the tongue.

There is a large blood supply under the tongue, and so sublingual administration often produces rapid effects.

15
Q

Drugs must be ____ in order to be adminsistered transdermally.

A

highly fat soluble

16
Q

Parenteral administration

A

Adminitration by routes not involving the GI tract

17
Q

Intrathecal injection

A

Delivery inbetween the vertebrae, directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. This bypasses the blood-brain barrier.

18
Q

Intra-articular injection

A

Injection directly into the joints.

19
Q

Routes of administration table

A
20
Q

Bioavailabity

A

The amount of drug that is available in the systemic circulation.

21
Q

Structure of the heart

A
22
Q

Structure of the intestinal tract and liver

A
23
Q

ADME

A

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

24
Q

Pharmacokinetics graph

A
25
Q

Fick’s law

A

RD = A * ΔC * k / dD

Where k = Permeability / MW1/2

26
Q

Where will a weak base taken orally most likely be absorbed?

A
27
Q

Bioavailability mathematical definition

A
28
Q

Bioavailability oral vs IV

A
29
Q

The bioavailability of IV drugs is . . .

A

100%

30
Q

Barriers in pharmacokinetic partition

A
31
Q

Blood binding in partition

A
32
Q
A
33
Q

Astrocytes

A

Specialized glial cells in the brain that contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.

34
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that provide support and insulation for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system.

35
Q

Body compartment model

A
36
Q

In a pregnant female, the percentage of fluid within epithelial-lined spaces increases as the fetus develops. This means that the ____________ fluid compartment in the body will be larger in late pregnancy than it will at conception.

A

transcellular

37
Q

Volume of distribution model

A
38
Q

Volume of distribution definition

A

The apparent volume of body fluid necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the plasma.

Drugs that have a low volume of distribution are contained mostly within the plasma compartment whereas drugs with a high volume of distribution are highly distributed into the other non-plasma compartments of the body. Volume of distribution is dependent upon both the drug and the individual taking the drug.

39
Q

Vitals monitor layout

A
40
Q

Blood brain barrier in bacterial meningitis

A
41
Q

First pass metabolism

A

metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Particularly for enteral drugs.

42
Q

Phase I reaction

A
43
Q

Phase II reaction

A
44
Q

Metabolism of Aspirin

A
45
Q

Kidney structure

A
46
Q

Modes of drug excretion

A
47
Q

Renal drug excretion diagram

A
48
Q

Probenecid

A

A drug that acts as a renal tubular blocking agent. If taken in combination with another drug it can reduce the tubular secretion of the other drug. Therefore, probenecid can be intentionally prescribed with another drug to prolong its halflife.

49
Q

Clearance

A
50
Q

First order clearance kinetics

A
51
Q

Zero order clearance kinetics

A
52
Q

First vs Zero order clearance kinetics

A
53
Q

Dosing windows

A
54
Q

Dosing via different routes of administration

A
55
Q
A
56
Q

Ligand gated ion channels vs G coupled protein receptors

A
57
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

another name for ligand-gated ion channels

58
Q

Receptor kinases vs nuclear receptors

A
59
Q

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

A

A group of drugs that bind to and alter the activity of the estrogen receptor.

60
Q

Receptor superfamilies

A
61
Q

Drug action at receptors

A
62
Q

Graves disease

A
63
Q

Second messenger-regulated ion channel

A

A type of ion channel that is regulated by signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors or other receptors.

64
Q

Novel therapeutic approaches

A
65
Q

Multiple myeloma

A
66
Q

CAR T-cell Therapy

A
67
Q

C reactive protein in CAR T Therapy

A
68
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

A chronic neuromuscular disease that leads to weakness of the skeletal muscle.

69
Q

Fluticasone propionate

A

binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor and also blocks the activity of an enzyme known as cytosolic phospholipase A2. It can also be used intranasally or orally to manage symptoms of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, and asthma.

70
Q
A
71
Q

Dose response curve

A
72
Q

Equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd)

A

The concentration of drug at which the drug occupies 50% of its receptors.

73
Q

Potency

A
74
Q

Efficacy

A
75
Q

Types of drug response

A