Pharmacodynamics
the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.
Pharmacokinetics
the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.
Classification by Modality
Grouping based on size and chemical structure.
Small molecule drugs
Defined as having a molecular mass of 900 Daltons or less.
Major symptoms of diabetes
- Bodily Pain
- Weakness
- Excessive urination with high sugar content
- Large apetite
- Constant thirst
In a canine model, early experimentalists studying diabetes found that it could be phenocopied by. . .
removal of the pancreas
(pancreatectomy)
Sympathomimetic drug
A drug that mimics endogenous agents that act on the targets of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating many physiological parameters, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
Common trade names of amphetamines
Adderall, Euekeo
Neurochemical
A small organic chemical that acts on the central nervous system.
Psychomotor activity
An activity that involves conscious coordination of motor skills.
Psychostimulant
A drug that has stimulant properties and increases psychomotor activity.
Semi-synthetic drug
A drug based on a natural product that is then chemically modified.
Sublingual administration
Applied under the tongue.
There is a large blood supply under the tongue, and so sublingual administration often produces rapid effects.
Drugs must be ____ in order to be adminsistered transdermally.
highly fat soluble
Parenteral administration
Adminitration by routes not involving the GI tract
Intrathecal injection
Delivery inbetween the vertebrae, directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. This bypasses the blood-brain barrier.
Intra-articular injection
Injection directly into the joints.
Routes of administration table
Bioavailabity
The amount of drug that is available in the systemic circulation.
Structure of the heart
Structure of the intestinal tract and liver
ADME
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Pharmacokinetics graph
Fick’s law
RD = A * ΔC * k / dD
Where k = Permeability / MW1/2
Where will a weak base taken orally most likely be absorbed?
Bioavailability mathematical definition
Bioavailability oral vs IV
The bioavailability of IV drugs is . . .
100%
Barriers in pharmacokinetic partition
Blood binding in partition
Astrocytes
Specialized glial cells in the brain that contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
Glial cells
Cells that provide support and insulation for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Body compartment model
In a pregnant female, the percentage of fluid within epithelial-lined spaces increases as the fetus develops. This means that the ____________ fluid compartment in the body will be larger in late pregnancy than it will at conception.
transcellular
Volume of distribution model
Volume of distribution definition
The apparent volume of body fluid necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the plasma.
Drugs that have a low volume of distribution are contained mostly within the plasma compartment whereas drugs with a high volume of distribution are highly distributed into the other non-plasma compartments of the body. Volume of distribution is dependent upon both the drug and the individual taking the drug.
Vitals monitor layout
Blood brain barrier in bacterial meningitis
First pass metabolism
metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation.
Particularly for enteral drugs.
Phase I reaction
Phase II reaction
Metabolism of Aspirin
Kidney structure
Modes of drug excretion
Renal drug excretion diagram
Probenecid
A drug that acts as a renal tubular blocking agent. If taken in combination with another drug it can reduce the tubular secretion of the other drug. Therefore, probenecid can be intentionally prescribed with another drug to prolong its halflife.
Clearance
First order clearance kinetics
Zero order clearance kinetics
First vs Zero order clearance kinetics
Dosing windows
Dosing via different routes of administration
Ligand gated ion channels vs G coupled protein receptors
Ionotropic receptors
another name for ligand-gated ion channels
Receptor kinases vs nuclear receptors
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
A group of drugs that bind to and alter the activity of the estrogen receptor.
Receptor superfamilies
Drug action at receptors
Graves disease
Second messenger-regulated ion channel
A type of ion channel that is regulated by signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors or other receptors.
Novel therapeutic approaches
Multiple myeloma
CAR T-cell Therapy
C reactive protein in CAR T Therapy
Myasthenia gravis
A chronic neuromuscular disease that leads to weakness of the skeletal muscle.
Fluticasone propionate
binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor and also blocks the activity of an enzyme known as cytosolic phospholipase A2. It can also be used intranasally or orally to manage symptoms of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, and asthma.
Dose response curve
Equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd)
The concentration of drug at which the drug occupies 50% of its receptors.
Potency
Efficacy
Types of drug response