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Neuro I > Pharmacology Capstone > Flashcards

Pharmacology Capstone Flashcards

0
Q

parasympathetic nervous system is aka

A

craniosacral

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1
Q

sympathetic nervous system is aka

A

thoracolumbar

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2
Q

Parasympathetic NT and R

A

NT=Ach

R=NAchR, MAchR

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3
Q

Sympathetic NT and R

A 
NT= NE>epi>Da; Ach
R= alpha, Beta, D, nAchR, mAchR
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4
Q

Cholinergic - think?

A

acetyl choline

muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

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5
Q

adrenergic think?

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine

alpha, beta, D receptors
from tyrosine

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6
Q

major NT of the parasymp system

A

Ach

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7
Q

found at ALL PREganglionic autonomic fibers

A

Ach

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8
Q

found at ALL POST ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

A

Ach

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9
Q

found at a few POSTgaglionic sympathetic fibers (WHERE?)

A

Ach

sweat glands

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10
Q

major NT of the sympathetic nervous system

A

NE

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11
Q

found at a vast majority of postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

NE

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12
Q

synthesis occurs in adrenal medulla and a few neuronal pathways in brainstem

A

EPI

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13
Q

Synthesized in the cytoplasm of neurons

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Dopamine has actions where?

A

in the CNS and renal vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

Neurons that release Ach are called

A

cholinergic neurons

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16
Q

Order of steps in cholinergic neurotransmission

A 
Synthesis 
storage
release 
binding 
termination
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17
Q

Synthesis of Ach

A

CHOLINE TRANSPORTER transports choline into neurons
dependant on cotransport with NA

CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (ChAT) conbines acetyl coenxyme A with choline to make Ach

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18
Q

Storage of Ach

A

ATPase dependent Ach vesicular transporter transports Ach into neuronal vesicles.

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19
Q

Release of Ach

A

AP reaches axon terminal, causes opening of VgCa2+channels
Ca2+enters the neuron
Ca2+ influx promotes fusion of vesicular membrane with cell membrane
Ach is released

the SNARE protein complex is responsible for fusion of the vesicle membrane and synaptic membrane through VAMP and SNAP proteins

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20
Q

Binding of Ach to cholinergic receptors

A

Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft
binds nachrs which facilitates Na entry into post-gang fiber or release of epi/NE from adrenal medulla
post-synaptic machrs are also activated by ach causing smooth muscle contraction, decrease in HR, glandular secretin etc

Ach can bind to and activate both nachr (+) and machr (-) to modify its own release.

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21
Q

activation of prejunctional nAchRs _________ Ach release

A

stimulates/potentiates

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22
Q

activation of prejunctional machrs ________further release

A

inhibits

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23
Q

Termination of Ach signaling

A

Acetylcholinesterase cleaves Ach into acetate and choline
acetate diffuses out of the synapse
choline is recycled into the nerve

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24
Q

What two types of receptors does Ach bind to?

A

nAchR

mAchR

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25
Q

Where are NnAchrs found

A

all ganglia (sym and parasymp) and adrenal medulla (symp)

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26
Q

where are mAChrs found

A

smooth and cardiac muscle
gland cells
nerve terminals

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27
Q

nAchR is what type of a channel

A

ionotropic (ligand gated ion channel)

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28
Q

nAchR allows what to pass through the channel

A

Na

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29
Q

mAchR is what type of receptor

A

metabotrpoic, GPCR

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30
Q

how many subtypes of muscarinic receptors are there

A

5

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31
Q

what are the predominant smooth muscle muscarinic receptors

A

M2 and M3

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32
Q

what is the predominant muscarinic receptor in cardiac muscle

A

M2

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33
Q

adrenergic transmission, think

A

catecholamines

NE, E, Da

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34
Q

principle NT of most of sympathetic post ganglionic fibers and ov certain tracts in CNS

A

NE

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35
Q

major hormone/NT released by adrenal medulla

A

epi

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36
Q

predominant NT of mammalian extrapyramidal system and several mesocortical and mesolimbic neuronal pathways

A

Dopamine

37
Q

Steps of catecholamine signalling

A 
synthesis
storage
release
binding
termination
38
Q

Synthesis of catecholamines

A

tyrosine transported into nerve terminal by a Na dependent transporter
trosine–> DOPA->Dopamine->NE->Epi

final step occurs only in the adrenal medulla and in a few epi containing neuonal pathways in the brainstem

39
Q

Storage of catecholamines

A

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT-2) transports Da into the vesicle
promiscuous, can also transport NE, epi, and seratonin across the vesicle membrane

40
Q

reserpine

A

inhibits VMAT-2, leads to depletion of catecholamines from sympathetic nerve endings.

41
Q

Release of catecholamines

A

similar to release of Ach after depolarization and influx of Ca2+.
in adrenal medulla, triggering event is release of Ach and its interaction with nAchRs on chromaffin cells to produce localized deppol

42
Q

Binding of catecholamines to adrenergic receptors

A

diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to adrenergic alpha and beta receptors

effector organ responses include: contraction, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, relaxation and increased force and rate of cardiac muscle contraction

43
Q

Termination of catecholamine signaling (3 ways)

A

reuptake into nerve terminals
dilution by diffusion
metabolic transformation

44
Q

major mechanism that terminates the actions of catecholamines

A

reuptake

45
Q

reuptake of catecholamines

A

by two neuronal membrane transporters NET and DAT (NE transporter and DA transporter)

46
Q

Dilution by diffusion of catecholamines

A

diffuseion out of the junctional cleft and uptake ate extraneuronal sites by transporters ENT/ OCT1 and OCT2)

47
Q

Metabolic transformation of catecholamines occurs through what enzymes?

A

MAO

COMT

48
Q

examples of common sympathetic cotransmitters

A

ATP,

NPY

49
Q

feedback on prejunctional receptors to inhibit release of each other

A

NE, NPY, ATP

sympathetics

50
Q

examples of receptors on sympathetic nerve varicosities that also inhibit the release of sympathetic NTs include

A

M2 and M4, serotonin, PGE2, histamine, enkephalin, DA, and alpha 2

51
Q

examples of receptors on sympathetic nerve varicosities that enhance sympathetic NT release

A

Beta 2, ang II, nAchR

52
Q

How many subtypes of alpha adrenergic receptors are there?

A

2 - alpha1 and alpha2

53
Q

THE END RESULT OF ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR ACTIVATION IS

A

muscle contraction

54
Q

smooth muscle contraction results in ______
cardiac muscle contraction leads to ________
(alpha-1)

A

vasoconstriction

increase in contractile force on the heart

55
Q

exception to alpha-1 rule

A

gut
activation of alpha 1 receptors and subsequent increas in Ca2+ causes hyperpolarization and muscle relaxation by activation of Ca2+ dependent K+channels

56
Q

ACTIVATION OF ALPHA-2 RESULTS IN

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction, decreased insulin secretion adna a decreased release of NE (presynaptic alpha-2 receptors)

57
Q

how many subtypes of Beta adrenergic receptors are there

A

three

B1, B2, B3

58
Q

All B receptors are _____coupled receptors

A

Gs coupled

59
Q

B1 receptors are found mainly

A

myocardium

60
Q

ACTIVATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS RESULTS IN

A

increased force and rate of heart contraction and AV nodal conduction velocity

61
Q

B2 receptors are mainly found

A

smooth muscle and most other sites

62
Q

BETA 2 RECEPTOR ACTIVATION CAUSES

A

RELAXATION of

vascular, broncial, GU and GI smooth muscle

63
Q

Beta 3 receptors are found

A

adipose tissue

64
Q

ACTIVATION OF BETA 3 RECEPTORS RESULTS IN

A

lipolysis

65
Q

triad of symptoms for pheochromocytoma

A

headache, perspiration, palpitations

66
Q

alpha 1 receptors are found primarily

A

on sm m surrounding the vasculature

67
Q

alpha 2 receptor primary location is

A

presynaptic in brain, leading to a decrease in sympathetic outflow

68
Q

alpha 1 receptors are _____coupled

A

Gq

69
Q

alpha 2 receptors are _____ coupled

A

Gi, Go

70
Q 
Primary tissue locations of adrenergic receptor subtypes
a1
a2
b1
b2
b3
A

a1 - postjunctional smooth muscle (contraction
a2 - presynaptic neurons, postynaptic tissues and blood platelets
- (ocular, adipose, intestinal, hepatic, renal, endocrine)
b1 - heart (stimulation)
b2 - bronchial, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle (relaxation)
b3 - adipose tissue (lipolysis)

71
Q

centrally acting a2 think….

A

decrease in sympathetic outflow

decrease in sympathetic tone

72
Q

muscarinic think….

A

increase body fluids

73
Q

how do B2 and mAchR act on sm m surrounding organs

A

B2=relax

mAchR= contract

74
Q

What type of receptor is the Dopamine receptor

A

GPCR

75
Q

how many types of DA receptors are there

A

five

76
Q

DA activates the D1 receptors in _______ whcich increases_____ and causes _____

A

renal sm. m
CAMP
dilation

77
Q

stimulation of the D1 receptor will result in

A

vasodilation, natriuresis and diuresis (via renal vascular smooth muscle)

78
Q

At higher concentrations DA can activate _____ and ____ receptors to cause ______ and _______

A

alpha 1
beta 1
general vascular vasoconstriction
increase in HR

79
Q

decreased sweating cause

A

increased temperature

80
Q

Smooth muscle of blood vessels is innervated by

A

sympathetic neurons

NOT parasympathetic neruons

81
Q

how does vascular relaxation happen

A

need an intact epithelium
stumuli - Ach, physical stimuli, and vasoactive products of inflammation and platelet aggregation (bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, purines, thrombin)
endothelial cells release nitric oxide, which acts on sm m cells
causes vasodilation

Ach activates a mAchr in this scenario

82
Q

three exceptions of mAchRs causing contraction

A

intestines
urinary bladder
vasculature

83
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

need to add slides for this section but i dont GAFRN

84
Q

Rule of thumb - Alpha 1

A

stimulate contraction of all smooth muscle

vascular sm m= vasoconstriction; glandular sm m= secretion

85
Q

Rule of thumb - Beta2

A

relax smooth muscle

vascular sm m - vasodilation

86
Q

Rule of thumb - muscarinic receptors

A

contract smooth muscle

87
Q

Increase BP causes ______ baroreceptor firing leading to ______

A

increased
decrease in sympathetic output
increase in parasympathetic output

88
Q

decreased BP leads to_______baroreceptor firing, resulting in _______

A

decreased
increase sympathetic discharge
decrease parasympathetic discharge

89
Q

ordinary pressor doses of NE in a normal subject produce

A

increase in peripheral vascular resistance, increase in MAP and

slowing of the heart rate (compensatory response from reflexes)

Neuro I (30 decks)

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