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Flashcards in Physiology Deck (16)
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1
Q

Is the intrapleural pressure greater than or less than the pressure in the lungs

A

Intrapleural pressure is less than the pressure inside the lung

2
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm and what are its roots

A

C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive.

Phrenic nerve

3
Q

Why does your lung collapse during pneumothorax/

A

Transmural pressure gradient is abolished

4
Q

What are the accessory muscles on inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Pectoral

5
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the bronchioles /

A

Bronchoconstricition

6
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to bronchioles?

A

Sympathetic causes bronchodilation

7
Q

What factors shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?

A

Raised CO2
Raised H+
Raised Temperature
Raised 2,3-Biphosphoglycerate

8
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A

10% solution
60% Bicarbonate
30% Carbamino compounds

9
Q

What are Carbamino compounds?

A

Combination of CO2 with amine groups in blood.

Carbamino-haemoglobin

10
Q

What affect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the airways?

A

Smooth muscles contraction

Increased mucus secretion

11
Q

What is responsible for mucus secretion in the lungs?

A

parasympathetic stimulation of M3 muscarinic receptors on goblet cells

12
Q

What causes bronchial smooth muscle to relax?

A

Nitric oxide
and
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

13
Q

How does the sympathetic system act to relax bronchial smooth muscles

A

Adrenaline relsease from adrenal gland acts on beta 2 adrenoreceptors

14
Q

What do beta 2 adrenoreceptors do?

A

Decrease mucus secretion

Relax bronchial smooth muscle

Increase mucociliary clearance

15
Q

What activates beta 2 adrenoreceptors?

A

Stimulated by adrenaline from the adrenal gland

16
Q

What 5 changes do you find in the airways of chronic asthamtics?

A
  1. smooth muscle hyperplasia
  2. intersitial oedema
  3. Increased mucus
  4. epithelial damage
  5. sub epithelial fibrosis