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Flashcards in Pregnancy Deck (56)
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1
Q

How common is down’s syndrome ( one in how many live births)

A

1:1000

2
Q

What chromosome is tripled in Down’s Syndrome?

A

21st

3
Q

When is the blood test for down’s syndrome in a baby taken?

A

15-20 weeks

4
Q

At what part of the fallopian tube does fertilization normally occour?

A

Normally the ampule

5
Q

How long does it take from fertilatizaion for the blastocyst to implant in the uterus ?

A

5-8 days

6
Q

What happens during days 1-5 ( day 1 being fertilisation of the ovum)

A

The ovum progessivley divides and differentiates into a blastocysts as it moves along the fallopian tube towards the uterus

7
Q

What do the (a) inner cells and (b) outer cells of the blastocyst do?

A

Inner cells- become embryo

Outer cells - become placenta

8
Q

How does the blastocyst implant into the uterus?

A

The free floating blastocyst sticks to the endometrial lining and sends cords of trophoblastic cells to penetrate the endometrium

9
Q

What should happen by day 12?

A

Blastocyst should be completely buried within the uterine lining

10
Q

From what two tissues is the placenta derived from?

A

Trophoblast tissue

and

Decidual tissue

11
Q

from what date is the placenta frist functional?

A

from the 5 week of pregnancy

12
Q

What cells concentrate glycogen, protein and lipids for the blastocysts?

A

Decidual cells

13
Q

How are decidual cells stimulated?

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which stimulates decidual cells

14
Q

What are the free factors which facilitate oxygen supply to the featus?

A

Fetal Hb has increased ability to carry O2

Fetal blood has a higher Hb concentration

Bohr Effect

15
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Fetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low pCO2 than in high pCO2

16
Q

How is water transported across the placenta ?

A

Osmotic gradient

17
Q

What does Human Chorionic Gonadotropin do during pregnancy?

A

Prevents involution of Corpus Luteum

(i.e stimulates the production of progesterone and oestrogen)

18
Q

What does the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin over time chart look like ?

A
19
Q

What does Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin do?

A

Growth hromone like effects

Decreases insulin sensitivity in mother

Ivolved in breast development

20
Q

When is Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin produced?

A

Produce from 5 weeks of pregancy more and more each day untill birth

21
Q

What are the cardiovascuar changes to the mother during pregnancy?

A

Cardiact output increases

Heart rate increases

Blood pressure drops during 2nd trimester

22
Q

What happens to the mothers blood during pregnancy?

A

Plasma volume increases

consequently iron requirements increase

23
Q

What does Progesterone do to the lungs?

A

Increases the CO2 sensitivity in respiratory centres

24
Q

What happes to renal function during pregnancy?

A

GFR and renal plasma flow increase by up to 50%

25
Q

What is pre-eclampsia ?

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension and proteinuria

26
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

Extreme pre-eclampsia

Vascular spasm

Extreme hypertension

Chronic seizures

Coma

27
Q

How much weight do mothers usually gain over a pregnancy?

A

10Kg

28
Q

How much more food does a pregnant mother need per day?

A

250-300 extra calories per day

29
Q

What iron supplements should pregnant mothers take ?

A

300mg ferrous sulfate

30
Q

What does parturition mean?

A

Birth of the baby

31
Q

What does oxytocin do to the uterus ?

A

Increases contractions and excitability

32
Q

What are the three stages of labour?

A

1- cervical dilation

2- passage through birth canal

3- expulsion of placenta

33
Q

How long is the 1st stage of labour?

A

8-24 hrs

34
Q

What does estrogen do in terms of lactation?

A

Govers the growth of the ductile system

35
Q

What does progesterone govern in terms of lactation?

A

Development of the lobule-alveolar system

36
Q

Where can you get baby DNA from in order to test it ?

A

Placenta

Skin/unrine cells

Blood

37
Q

How do you get placental cells for testing?

A

Chorionic villus Biopdy

38
Q

How do you get baby skin/urine cells for testing?

A

Amniocentesis

39
Q

When can a chorionic villus biopsy be preformed?

A

11.5 weeks

40
Q

When can amniocentesis be preformed?

A

15 weeks onwards

41
Q

When can Fetal blood sampling be done?

A

18 weeks +

42
Q

What is the difference between mutationa and polymorphism?

A

Mutation causes disease whereas Polymorphisim does not

43
Q

What is FISH good for?

A

Looking for really small chromosome changes

44
Q

What does IUGR mean?

A

Inter uterine growth restriciton

45
Q

what is the definition of preterm birth ?

A

birth between 24 and 36 weeks

46
Q

How common are pre-term births?

A

6-7%

47
Q

what are the survivial rates for pre term births at

24 wks

27 wks

32 wks

A

24wks - 25%

27wks - 80%

32 wks > 95%

48
Q

What is the definition of “small for gestational age”?

A

Infant with a birthweight that is less than the 10th centile for gestation.

49
Q

What must the bladder be like during an (a) transabominal unltrasound and (b) transvaginal ultrasound?

A

Transabdominal - full

Transvaginal - empty

50
Q

What are the 4 common atiologys for large for dates preulgnancys?

A

Wrong dates

Multiple pregnancys

DIabetes

Polyhydramnios

51
Q

What is Polyhydramnios?

A

Excess amniotic fluid

52
Q

What are the symptoms of Polyhydramnios?

A

Discomfort

Membrane rupture

Cord Prolapse

53
Q

How common are twins?

A

1 in 80

54
Q

Regarding twins:-

What does Chorionicity mean?

What does Zygosity mean?

A

Chorionicty = membrane pattern of the twins

Zygosity = Number of eggs fertilised to produce twins

55
Q

What is different about twins length of gestation?

A

Usually around 36 weeks

56
Q
A