Primary Prevention

Question 1

Definition of primary prevention

Answer 1

Any intervention that prevents illness from occurring in the first place

Question 2

Definition of secondary prevention

Answer 2

Any intervention that prevents the illness/injury from getting worse

Question 3

Definition of tertiary prevention

Answer 3

Reducing the risk of a disease/injury negatively impacting on a persons quality of life/ability to function

Question 4

Definition of individual approach

Answer 4

About making lifestyle changes on an individual level

Question 5

Definition of population approach

Answer 5

Reduce the risk of a disease in a whole population, normally involves legislation and mass media

Question 6

Definition of health protection

Answer 6

Initiatives to protect against specific dangers like infections, diseases/accidental injury

Question 7

Definition of health improvement

Answer 7

Initiatives to promote and enhance peoples health and wellbeing

Question 8

What are the 3 types of prevention and what do they involve

Answer 8

Primary
-Any intervention that prevents illness from occurring in the 1st place

Secondary
-Any intervention that prevents illness from getting worse

Tertiary
-Reducing the risk of an illness negatively impacting pn ones ability to function

Question 9

What is the main focus of primary prevention

What info is needed in order to carry this out

Answer 9

REDUCING RISK, with reference to a specific disease

Requires identification and assessment of risk factors and reducing them in the individual/population

Question 10

What are the 2 methods of primary prevention

What do they involve

Answer 10

Individual approach
-About making lifestyle changes on an individual level

Population approach
-Reduce the risk of disease in a whole population, normally involves legislation and mass media

Question 11

What are the 5 advantages of individual approaches to primary risk reduction

Answer 11

• Targeted only at high risk people
• One to one, individually tailored, intensive
• Subject motivated, health professionals trusted
• Potentially greater personal health gains
• Suited to healthcare system

Question 12

What are the 3 disadvantages of individual approaches to primary risk reduction

Answer 12

• Fewer people helped
• More labour intensive
• Needs more trained staff

Question 13

How would you carry out an individual approach to primary prevention

Answer 13

Identify risk factors

• gender
• age
• genetic predisposition
• current lifestyle

Plans of action

• Behaviour changes (lifestyle advice)
• Medical intervention

Question 14

What is the example of an individual approach led by the NHS

Answer 14

NHS health check

• Preventative checks for vascular disease risk
• Includes appropriate lifestyle advice and medical interventions

Question 15

What are the 5 advantages of a population approach to primary prevention

Answer 15

Mass media used for large nos
Address all levels of risk
Social marketing techniques
Economies of scale
Aims to reduce population average for risk factor

Question 16

What are the 5 disadvantages of a population approach to primary prevention

Answer 16

Generalized message, not tailored
Public docent always trust media
Accusations of propaganda
Smaller individual health gains
Only appropriate for common diseases

Question 17

What is the example of a population approach to primary prevention

Answer 17

Change 4 life campaign

-Aimed at families to take part in more exercise and eat less sugar

Question 18

Describe the concept of shifting the mean in a population approach

Answer 18

By shifting the whole bell curve of a risk factor, a smaller proportion of individuals will be at risk of a specific disease

Question 19

What 5 factors affect health and wellbeing

Answer 19

Age, sex, genetics
Individual lifestyle factors
Social and community influences
Living, working conditions
General socioeconomic, environmental and cultural conditions

Question 20

What are the 2 main targets in health prevention

Answer 20

Health protection
-Initiatives to protect against specific dangers like infectious diseases/accidental injury

Health improvement/promotion
-Initiatives to promote and enhance peoples health and wellbeing

Question 21

What are the 5 models of health improvement/promotion

Answer 21

Medical model
-Interventions aimed at reducing specific risk factors for specific diseases

Behavioral model
-Interventions aimed at encouraging people to adopt healthy lifestyles

Empowerment model
-Interventions aimed at developing knowledge and skills to empower people to optimise health and wellbeing

Social change model
-Interventions aimed at supporting communities in woking together to improve life chances

Environmental model
-Interventions aimed at creating environments conducive to health and wellbeing

Question 22

What are the 3 E’s of health promotion

Answer 22

Engagement

• Increase awareness of risks and susceptibility
• Encouragement

Empowerment

• Provide the knowledge, skills and confidence
• Create/take opportunities

Environment
-Physical, social, cultural environment improved, conducive for health improvement

Question 23

What are the 2 types of barrier to behavioral change

Answer 23

Individual

Systemic

Question 24

What are the 3 individual barriers to behavioral change

Answer 24

Lack of knowledge/awareness
Lack of motivation
Lack of time/opportunity

Question 25

What are the 5 systemic barriers to behavioral change

Answer 25

Poverty
Literacy/language
Family/peer influences
Culture, religion 
Access, availability issues

Question 26

What are the 3 methods of overcoming barriers

Answer 26

One on one with health professionals

Working with groups
-teachers and community workers

Media

• advertising campaigns
• PR and press (features and programs)
• websites and social media

Question 27

Name some social marketing techniques used to encourage behavioral changes

Answer 27

Understand customer
Segment market into target groups
Different marketing methods
Customer centered approach to persuade (shock tactics)
Change the culture to make it safer
Create a bandwagon dynamic

Question 28

What would you look at when evaluating the effects of health promotion initiatives

Answer 28

By their outcomes

• Raised awareness
• Behavioural change
• Risk reduction
• Improved health status

Question 29

What methods would you use to evaluate the health promotion initiatives used

Answer 29

RCTs not always possible for campiagns
Qualitative assessments of structure (resources needed) and the process should be considered

Cost effectiveness considerations