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Flashcards in Principles 3 Deck (47)
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1
Q

soma

A

cell body

2
Q

dendrite

A

etends from body
receives signal information from local environment
associated with receptors that are designed to sense specific stimuli or react to specific chemical transmitters

3
Q

axon

A

signals which travel as action postentials are generated here

4
Q

action potential

A

summation of signals received from dendrites, which can either be stimulatory or inhibitory
when it reaches the end of the axon it causes the release of a neurotransmitter

5
Q

2 factors for action potential speed?

A

diameter and degree of myelination

6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS

multiple sclerosis is demyelination of oligodendrocytes

7
Q

schwann cells

A

insulate nerve fibers; produce myelin in PNS

guillian-barre (demyelination of PNS)

8
Q

describe DRG pathway

A

cell bodies in DRG
each DRG contains peripheral process, which extends to the periphery along the path taken by the spinal nerve and its branches, and a central process, which etends into the CNS as the dorsal root of the spinal nerve

9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, hearing

detect pressure, lengthening, compression, tension

10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

11
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

12
Q

chemoreceptors

A

smell, taste

13
Q

electromagnetic

A

vision

14
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

innervate and activate skeletal muscle fiber through myoneural junction
large diameter, fast conducting
acetylcholine

15
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

innervate intrafusal muscle fibers which are a component of muscle spindles
establish a set point for muscle tone

16
Q

type 1 receptors

A

confined to the outer layers of the joint capsule and are stimulated by active or pasive joint motion

17
Q

describe the firing rate and threshold for type 1 receptors

A

firing rate is inhibited with joint approximation

low threshold, making them very sensitive to movement

18
Q

stimulation of type 1 is involved with?

A

reflex modulation of posture, as well as movement, through conttant monitoring of outer joint tension
perception of posture and movements
inhibition of flow from pain receptors via enkephalin synaptiv interneuron transmitter
tonic effects on LMN pools involved in neck, limbs, jaw and eye muscles

19
Q

type 2 mechanoreceptors

A

found within the deeper layers of joint capsule. low threshold and stimulated with minor changes in tension wihin the inner joint
adapt rappidly and quicly cease firing when the joint stops moving
completely inactive in immobilized joints

20
Q

functions of type 2 mechanoreceptors

A

monitor direction of movement
creaste a relfex effect on segmental muscle tone, providing a “braking mechanism” against movement that overdisplaces the joint
recognize potensially harmful movements

21
Q

type 4 receptors

A

composed of a network of free nerve endings, as well as unmyelinated fibers.
pain perception, itch and tickle
close to mechanoreceptors
high threshold, completely unactive in the physiologic joint

22
Q

basic function of type 4 receptors

A

evocation of pain
tonic effects on neck, limb, jaw, eye muscles
central relfex connections for pain inhibition
central relfex connections for a myriad of autonomic effects

23
Q

gate theory

A

when mechanoreceptors function correctly, nociceptors are inhibited
when mechanoreceptors function incorrectly, nociceptors are inhibited les

24
Q

rubrospinal

A

muscle tone and synergy to proximal flexors of the upper extremities

25
Q

reticulospinal

A

muscle tone and synergy to the voluntary extensor muscles of the bacck and arms

26
Q

tectospinal tract

A

neck extensor muscles and eye muscle

27
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

extensor muscles of back and legs

balances reflexes and postural muscles

28
Q

corticospinal (pyramidal)

A

voluntary motor

flexors of teh hands and feet

29
Q

lateral vs ventral spinothalamic tract

A

lateral: pain and temperature
ventral: crude touch and pressure

30
Q

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

A

carry conscious proprioception

vibration, joint position sense, 2 point discrimination

31
Q

receptors of dorsal columns medial lemniscus

A

meissner’s/merkel
pacinian
ruffini

32
Q

meissner’s merel’s

A

touch

33
Q

pacinian

A

vibration

34
Q

ruffini

A

joint postion sense

35
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

carry unconscious proprioception
muscle spindle cell: type 1a fibers- stretch
golgi tendon organ: type 1b fibers- tension

36
Q

describe how the adjustment affects the a alpha 1b golgi tendons. what happens after that?

A

stimulate the a alpha 1b golgi tendons

postsynaptic inhibition of the alpha motor neurons (innervate skeletal muscles) due to fast stretch on the tendon

37
Q

how does the adjustment affect the pain gait?

A

closes the pain gate by sending proprioceptive message to the CNS on the large type A fibers

38
Q

describe the other stuff that is affected by the adjustment

A

increase mechanoreceptor bombardment (closes pain gate) touch can decrease pain
break up adhesions
increase mobility/motion
improve neurological function

39
Q

C1

A

global function systemic effects

40
Q

C2/3

A

tonsils

41
Q

T1-4

A

heart and lung

42
Q

T4

A

gallbladder

43
Q

T5-9

A

stomach

44
Q

T6-10

A

liver, pancreas, gallbladder

45
Q

T10-12

A

kidney

46
Q

L1-2

A

ovary, colon (sympatheticallly driven)

47
Q

sacrum

A

colon, uterus

parasympathetically driven