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Motivation & Emotion > Problem 3 > Flashcards

Problem 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion regulation

A

Refers to the processes by which individuals modify the trajectory of one or more components of an emotional response

–> it can thus influence the

  1. type
  2. intensity
  3. time course
  4. quality
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2
Q

Emotion regualtion tradition

A

Aims to understand the ways individuals regulate their emotions

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3
Q

Name the 5 families of emotion regulation strategies.

A
  1. Situation selection
  2. Situation modification
  3. Attentional deployment
  4. Cognitive change
  5. Response modulation
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4
Q 
Situation selection 
(ER)
A

Involves choosing or avoiding some activity, people etc due ti their expected emotional impact

e.g. meeting up with a friend after having a bad day to be happier again

–> 2 types

  1. Confrontation
  2. Avoidance
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5
Q

Confrontation

Situation selection

A

Involves choosing to face a situation in spite of the negative emotions it might potentially elicit

–> efficient if it is likely to bring long-term benefits

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6
Q

Avoidance

Situation selection

A

Escaping the situation as a whole

–> usually done if the situation is unlikely to bring future benefits + no side effects

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7
Q

Situation modification

ER

A

Involves changing aspects of a physical situation to change its emotional impact, without simply avoiding the situation

–> 3 types

  1. Direct situation modification
  2. Help/support seeking
  3. Conflict resolution
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8
Q

Direct situation modification

Situation modification

A

Taking practical actions that directly impact the situation

e.g. rehearsing a presentation so it goes well and one is less stressed

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9
Q

Help/support-seeking

Situation modification

A

Seeking others assistance to modify the situation

e.g. asking a classmate for help to finish an assignment

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10
Q

Conflict resolution

Situation modification

A

Taking steps to defuse a conflict situation

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11
Q

Attentional deployment

A

Involves altering how we feel by selecting the info we attend to

–> 3 types

  1. Distraction
  2. Rumination
  3. Mindfulness
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12
Q

Distraction

Attentional deployment

A

Shifting in attention

–> either way from the situation or away from emotional aspects of the situation

THUS: decreases negative emotions

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13
Q

Rumination

Attentional deployment

A

Refers to a perseveration focus on thoughts + feelings associated with negative emotion-eliciting event

–> increases the duration + intensity of negative emotions

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14
Q

Mindfulness

Attentional deployment

A

Purposefully paying attention to the present moment in a non-judgmental way

–> decreases negative emotions, increases happiness

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15
Q

Cogntive change

A

Refers to changing the way we think in order to change the way we feel

–> 4 types

  1. Self-efficacy appraisal
  2. Challenge + threat appraisals
  3. Positive reappraisal
  4. Acceptance
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16
Q

Self efficacy appraisal

Cognitive change

A

Being confident that one is able to deal with the situation

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17
Q

Challenge + threat appraisals

Cognitive change

A
  1. Seeing a threat an believing that one cannot conquer these threats
  2. Seeing a challenge and while weighing the gains + losses, choosing to focus on gains/being optimistic

–> challenge appraisals leas to less stress + less HPA axis activity

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18
Q 
Positive reappraisals
(Cognitve change)
A

Reapprasing a situation or ones response to it in a more positive way

–> lead to decrease in negative emotion

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19
Q

Acceptance

Cognitive change

A

Accepting ones situation or ones incapacity to deal with it/uncontrollablity

–> decreases negative emotions + pain

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20
Q

Response modulation

ER

A

Involves modulating ones response according to a situation

–> types

  1. Emotion sharing
  2. Verbal/Physical aggression
  3. Substance use
  4. Expressive suppression
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21
Q

Emotion sharing

Response modulation

A

Expressing ones emotions in a socially shared language

–> sharing per se does not foster emotion recovery

BUT: still beneficial to mental health due to indirect effects

e.g. reinforcement of social bonds, transference of affection + warmth

22
Q

Verbal/physical aggression

Response modulation

A

Whilst expressing emotions is generally benefial for mental + physical health

BUT: hostility leads to

  1. exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity in response to provocative stressors
  2. Heart disease
  3. Detrimental for social relationships
23
Q

Substance use

(Response modulation

A

Moderate alcohol consumption can have health benefits

BUT: excessive consumption has poor effects on mental + physical health

24
Q

Expressive suppression

Response modulation

A

Inhibiting the behavioral expression of unwanted emotions

e.g. hiding anger

BUT:
1. rarely changes the negative emotion experience

  1. increases activity of cardiovascular system

–> decreases well-being

25
Q

Emotional intelligence tradition

EI

A

Places emphasis on individual differences rather than on basic processes

–> people scoring high on EI tests are believed to are good in regulating their emotions

26
Q

When are individuals said to be emotionally intelligent ?

A

When they are able to carefully review the context before deeding whether + how they should regulate their emotion

27
Q

The Tripartite model of EI consists of 3 levels.

Name them.

A
  1. Knowledge
    - -> do i know how to
  2. Abilities
    - -> am i able to
  3. Traits
    - -> do i typically

… express my emotions constructively ?

28
Q

EI and situation modification

A

High trait EI individuals

  1. more likely to modify the situation + take action to change things
  2. No more able than others to await appropriate opportunity before taking action
  3. More willing to seek help from friends + express both negative and positive emotions
29
Q

EI and cognitive change

A

Higher trait EI individuals

  1. greater use of reappraisal strategies
  2. less denial strategies
  3. accepting life events more easily
30
Q

EI and attentional deployment

A

High trait EI individuals

  1. more mindful attention awareness and pay greater, non-judgmental attention to sit.
  2. less ruminating
31
Q

EI and response modulation

A

Negative relationship between EI & most response modulation strategies

32
Q

What are the strongest + most consistent positive predictors of academic performance ?

A
  1. General ability
  2. prior achievement
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Academic self-efficacy
  5. Effort regulation

Emotional intelligence ??

33
Q

Negative predictors of academic performance

A
  1. Procrastination
  2. Avoidance goal orientations
  3. Test anxiety

Emotional intelligence ??

34
Q

First theoretical model of EI

Salovey + Mayer

A

EI is a set of interrelated cognitive-emotional abilities

–> consists of a 3 branch hierarchy

  1. appraisal + expression
  2. regulation
  3. utilization of emotions
35
Q

The ability EI

Petrides, Furnham

A

EI is a constellation of cognitive-emoitonal abilities that are located in frameworks of human intelligence

–> measured through maximum performance tests

THUS: different from TEI (Trait emotional intelligence)

36
Q

Trait emotional intelligence

TEI

A

Refers to a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies

–> integrates the affective aspects of personality

37
Q

TEI theory

A

Suggests

I. that TEI is a personality construct located in remaining constructs of human personality

II. a multidimensional hierarchical representation of TEI

  1. Primary level traits

a) sociability
b) self-control
c) emotionality
d) depositional well-being

  1. Finite affective-motivational traits
  2. Self-perceptions
38
Q

Explanations for possible relations between TEI + achievement can be organized into 3 groups.

Name them

A
  1. Cognitive processes
    - -> better cognitive functioning due to less negative emotions
  2. Motivational processes
    - -> more self-control
  3. Interpersonal processes
    - -> better at coordinating social relationships
39
Q

What did empirical evidence show on the relations between TEI + achievement ?

A

Relation may be due to an indirect pathway

–> found that higher TEI was indirectly associated with better achievement via

  1. engagement coping strategies
  2. academic engagement

linked serially in a three-path mediated pathway (also direct links found though)

BUT: the 3 factors show there is positive relation and there may negative too

40
Q

What is high EI generally associated with ?

A
  1. Improved mental health
  2. Better social problem solving
  3. Superior relationship quality
  4. Enhanced academic + job performance
41
Q

Bar-On’s Mixed model

A

Ei refers to an array of non-cognitive abilities

–> these influence an individuals adaptive success by shaping his/her interpretation + response to environmental demand and pressures.

42
Q

Integrative model of EI

Salovey + Mayer

A

EI refers to the junction of a set of emotional abilities that enable individuals

  1. to carry out accurate reasoning about emotions
  2. to use emotions + emotional knowledge to enhance thought
43
Q

Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test

MSCEIT

A

Refers to a performance/ability-based measure of emotional intelligence

–> measures how well participants perform tasks + solve problems related to emotions

44
Q

Why is the MSCEIT(ability-based model) usually favored ?

A

Since in intelligence research performance based approaches attempt to objectively isolate maximum performance (ability here)

45
Q

Alexithymia

A

Refers to a condition characterized by diminished emotional awareness

–> difficulty describing ones emotions to others

46
Q

Emotional awareness

A

Refers to the conscious experience of discrete emotional states

–> “feeligns”

47
Q

Which brain regions play a significant role in emotional awareness ?

A
  1. Anterior Insula (AI)
  2. ACC
  3. vmPFC
48
Q

Why is the conjoint activity of the AI + ACC thought to play a critical role in the generation of subjective emotional experience ?

A

Because,

the AI sends signals about state of ones own body to ACC to initiate selection + planning of motor/nonmotor responses to emotional events

49
Q

Which brain regions play a role in emotion recognition ?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. vmPFC
  3. Somatosensory cortex
  4. Insula
  5. ACC
50
Q

Wich brain regions play a role in affective ToM ?

A

vmPFC

51
Q

Which brain regions are consequently part of the emotion network ?

A
  1. vmPFC
  2. Unsula
  3. Amygdala
  4. ACC

Motivation & Emotion (8 decks)

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