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Flashcards in Problem 3 Deck (34)
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1
Q

Fallacy

A

Refers to a defective pattern of arguing in an argument

ex.: mistakes in reasoning, creation of an illusion

‘it doesn’t follow’

2
Q

Formal fallacy

A

Refers to a fallacy that may be identified merely by examining the form/structure of the argument

–> found exclusively in deductive arguments

3
Q

Informal fallacy

A

Refers to a fallacy that may be identified merely by examining the content of the argument

4
Q

Fallacies of relevance

A

Refers to fallacies where the connection between premise + conclusion is emotional

–> various form of emotional appeal

5
Q

Appeal to force

Fallacy of relevance

A

Telling the opposing party that some harm will come if he/she doesn’t accept the conclusion

–> threat, agreeing because frightened doesn’t mean the argument is true

6
Q

Appeal to pity

Fallacy of relevance

A

Involve evoking pity from the opposing party

–> agreeing due to compassion doesn’t make the argument true

7
Q

Appeal to the people

Fallacy of relevance

A

Using peoples needs to be loved, esteemed + valued to accept a conclusion

–> direct vs indirect approach

a) Bandwagon argument
b) Appeal to vanity
c) Appeal to snobbery

8
Q

Bandwagon argument

A

Suggesting that one will be left out of the group if you don’t agree

9
Q

Appeal to vanity

A

Associating the product to someone who is admired

–> if you use it you will also be admired

10
Q

Appeal to snobbery

A

Associating the product to someone who is rich

11
Q

Argument against the person/ Ad hominem

Fallacy of relevance

A

a) abusive
- -> involves directing ones attention to the opposing party itself rather than the opposing party’s argument

b) circumstantial
- -> by alluding to certain circumstances that affect the opponent

c) tu quoque/you too
- -> hypocritical or arguing in bad faith by citing features in the life or behavior of the first arguer that conflict with the latter conclusion

12
Q

Straw man

Fallacy of relevance

A

Distorting the opponents argument to attack it more easily

ex.:
A: This is the 3rd bowl of cereal you’re eating
B: Are you suggesting I’m fat ?!

13
Q

Red Herring

Fallacy of relevance

A

Diverting the opponents attention to a slightly different but subtle related subject, by ignoring the opponents argument

–> then drawing the conclusion based on the different subject

14
Q

Missing the point

Fallacy of relevance

A

When the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion, only vaguley related to the correct conclusion is drawn

15
Q

Fallacies of weak induction

A

Connection between premise + conclusion isn’t strong enough to support the conclusion

16
Q

Appeal to unqualified authority

Fallacy of weak induction

A

Using a citation of an authority who lacks credibility

17
Q

Appeal to ignorance

Fallacy of weak induction

A

Occurs when the premise of an argument states that it hasn’t been proved/no evidence for it

–> therefore one must conclude that it is BS

ex.: No evidence for astrology - so non-sense

18
Q

Hasty generalizations

Fallacy of weak induction

A

Drawing a conclusion about all members of a group from evidence of one member of it

–> neither small nor large sample guarantees its typicality

19
Q

Slippery slope

Fallacy od weak induction

A

Suggesting that the conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction

BUT: there is no sufficient reason to think the chain reaction will actually take place

ex.: if you are willing to eat horse meat you will also eat hamsters and dogs

20
Q

Weak analogy

Fallacy of weak induction

A

Occurs when the analogy isn’t strong enough to support the conclusion

ex.: can’t compare australia to switzerland

21
Q

False cause

Fallacy of weak induction

A

Occurs when the link between the premise + conclusion is false/not related at all

–> premise doesn’t support the conclusion

ex.: Every time the team lost the cheerleaders wore black, should thus not wear black anymore

22
Q

Fallacies of presumption

A

Occurs when the premise already presumes what they try to prove

23
Q

Begging the question/Circular reasoning

Fallacy of presumption

A

Presuming that the premise provides adequate support for the conclusion, when they don’t

ex.: iPhone is the best smartphone because apple makes the best smartphones

24
Q

False dichotomy

Fallacy of presumption

A

Refers to an “either .. or “ statement, suggesting only either option is available

–> when in fact others also may be or these 2 are even unlikely

25
Q

Fallacy of ambiguity

A

Occurs when there is ambiguity in the premise or conclusion

26
Q

Equivocation

Fallacy of ambiguity

A

Occurs when the conclusion results from a word/phrase that was use in 2 different senses

ex. :
1. We have a duty to do what is right
2. we have a right to speak out
3. we have a duty to speak out

27
Q

Amphiboly

Fallacy of ambiguity

A

Involves misinterpreting an ambiguous statement, then drawing a false conclusion due to this

28
Q

Fallacies of grammatical analogy

A

Refer to arguments that are grammatically analogous/the same to other arguments

–> when logically they are not

29
Q

Composition

Fallacy of grammatical analogy

A

Drawing a conclusion by wrongly transferring attributes from parts of something onto the whole

ex.: Mia likes ice cream and fish thus she’ll like ice cream topped with fish

30
Q

Division

Fallacy of grammatical analogy

A

Drawing a conclusion by wrongly transferring attributes of the whole onto its parts

ex.: Airplane was made in seattle so every component of the airplane was made in seattle

31
Q

Name the 7 factors of when premises are acceptable.

A
  1. Supported by a cogent sub argument
  2. Supporten elsewhere
    - -> another person
  3. Common knowledge
    - -> known by everyone
  4. Testimony
  5. Claim is known A priori to be tue
    - -> claims that are knowable w/o experience

ex.: no one can steal his own property

  1. Proper authority
    - -> expert makes claim in his field
  2. Accepting premises provisionally
    - -> cannot say if its acceptable or unacceptable
32
Q

Name the 5 factors of when the premises are unacceptable

A
  1. Easy refutability/Counterexample
  2. Claim is known A priori to be false
    - -> ex.: there was time before time began
  3. Inconsistency between premises
  4. Vagueness or ambiguity
  5. Fallacies
33
Q

ARG-Method

A

Is used to evaluate the premises of an argument + the way in which the premises are related to the conclusion

–> then the argument is cogent

34
Q

Name the basic elements of a cogent argument meaning the ARG conditions.

A

A. The premise is acceptable
–> good reason to believe its true

R. The premise is relevant to its conclusion
–> provides evidence to support it

G. Premises provide good ground for the conclusion
–> sufficient reason