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Psychopathology > Problem 6 > Flashcards

Problem 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Unipolar depression

A

Symptoms take over the whole person

–> emotions, bodily functions, behaviors + thoughts

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2
Q

Symptoms of depression

A
  1. Anhedonia
    - -> loosing interest in everything in life
  2. Changes in appetite, sleep + activity levels
  3. Psychomotor retardation vs agitation
    - -> doing things more slowly or faster; either- or
  4. Thoughts filled with worthlessness, guilt, suicide
  5. Experiencing delusions + hallucinations
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3
Q

There are 2 forms of Unipolar Depressive disorders.

Name them.

A
  1. Major depression
  2. Dysthymic disorder/Persistent depressive disorder
    - -> less severe but more chronic form
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4
Q

What is needed for a person to be diagnosed with major depression ?

A

Experience of either

a) depressed mood
b) loss of interest in usual activities
- -> must interfere with everyday functioning

+ 4 other symptoms of depression

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5
Q

What is the difference between major depression, single episode vs recurrent ?

A
  1. Single episode
    - -> experiencing one depressive episode
  2. Recurrent
    - -> experiencing 2 or more ep. separated by at least 2 months without symptoms
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6
Q

What is needed for a person to be diagnosed with Dysthymic disorder ?

A

Experience of depressed mood and 2 other symptoms of depression

–> for at least 2 years, with symptoms occurring 2 month tact, thus more chronic than MD

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7
Q

Double depression

A

Refers to a condition where people experience episodes of both major depression and dysthymic disorder

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8
Q

Comorbidity

A
  1. Substance abuse
  2. Anxiety disorder (Panic disorder)
  3. Eating disorder
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9
Q

Major anxiety depression

A

Refers to the combination of major depression + anxiety

–> requires 3/4 symptoms of MD + 2 or more symptoms of anxiety

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10
Q

Name the subtypes of MD.

A

Depression with

  1. Melancholic features
    - -> prominence of physiological symptoms
  2. Psychotic features
    - -> experiencing delusions + hallucinations
  3. Catatonic features
    - -> strange behavior (catatonia)
  4. Atypical features
  5. Postpartum onset
  6. Seasonal pattern (SAD)
    - -> depressed when daylight h are short + recover when not

=> 5+6 can develop into BpD

(7. Premenstrual dysphoric, distress before menstruation)

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11
Q

Catatonia

A

Ranges from complete lack of movement to excited agitation

–> strange

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12
Q

Prevalence of UpD ?

Gender differences ?

A
  1. 18-29 y/o, lowest over 60, but go up over 85
  2. Women are 2x more likely to develop it, due to fact that they ruminate about their feelings more
  3. One of the most common disorders
  4. One is 2-3x more likely to develop it, when a parent has it
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13
Q

Bipolar disorder

BpD

A

Refers to a condition that involves alternations between periods of mania + periods of depression

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14
Q

Symptoms of mania

A
  1. Having unrealistically positive + grandiose self-esteem
  2. Delusional thoughts + hallucinations
  3. Impulsive behaviors

–> have to show for at least 1 week + impair functioning to be diagnosed

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15
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Experiencing all the symptoms of mania
–> can be preceded or followed by hypomania or depression

BUT: very rare

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16
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Experiencing severe episodes of depression (MD) + hypomania

NO MANIC EPISODES

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17
Q

Hypomania

A

Involves the same symptoms as mania

BUT: these symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with everyday functioning + no hallucinations or delusions

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18
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

Form of BpD

A

Involves alternating between episodes of hypomania + moderate depression

–> less severe but more chronic form of BpD, has to occur over 2y period

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19
Q

Why are people diagnosed with cyclothymic disorder at increased risk of developing BpD ?

A

Because, often periods of depression will interfere with daily function even though they might be less severe than MD periods

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20
Q

Temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria

Form of BpD

A

Involves acting immature + inappropriate 3-4 times a week on average, with ep. of being sad or angry in-between

–> for youth age 6 or older

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21
Q

Prevalence of BpD

A

Creative people (e.g. artists, composers) have a higher than normal prevalence

a) develops in late adolescence or early adulthood
b) biological factors / inheritance play a bigger role here than in unipolar
c) Men and women are equally likely

–> less common than unipolar depression

22
Q

Is BpD treatable ?

A

Not really,

  1. Only 1/4 recover fully from the symptoms after being hospitalized and are able to live a normal life
  2. Often abuse substances which impairs possible treatment

–> medication + high social class are positively correlated

23
Q

Is having BpD an asset or a curse ?

A

Both,

Many political leaders have suffered form it and have accomplished extraordinary things during periods of hypomania or mania

24
Q

Biological theory of Unipolar depression

A

Suggests that abnormalities in the serotonin transporter gene leads to a dysfunction in its regulation

–> affects the stability of individuals moods

25
Q

Neurotransmitter theory of Unipolar depression

A

Suggests that depression is caused by a reduction in the amount of monoamines in the synapse, due to

  1. Abnormalities in their synthesis
  2. Abnormalities in the serotonin transporter gene which regulates the release process of them
  3. Postsynaptic neurons may be less sensitive/malfunctioned
26
Q

What are monoamines ?

A

Type of neurotransmitter

–> in Unipolar depression especially norepinephrine and serotonin are involved

27
Q

Brain abnormalities in UpDs

A

Depression results from Abnormalities in

  1. Left PFC (less active)
    - -> motivation, goal orientation
  2. Anterior cingulate cortex (overactive)
    - -> stress regulation, social behavior
  3. Hippocampus
    - -> smaller + lower activity
  4. Amygdala
    - -> enlargement + increased activity

AND: Reduced metabolic activity + reduction of gray matter volume in PFC

28
Q

Neuroendocrine factors associated with Unipolar depression ?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), that is involved in fight-or-flight response is chronically hyperactive

–> a biological feedback loop, thus hyperactivity will make one more susceptible to stress

29
Q

Name the steps of the HPA feedback loop that is involved, once we are confronted with a stressor.

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) onto receptors of anterior pituitary gland
  2. Corticotropin stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
  3. Hypothalamus has cortisol detectors to detect it, then decreases CRH to lower increased levels of cortisol

–> thus stress levels are reduced/fought by activating the HPA during stress and calming it when stress is over

30
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

HPA axis

A

Refer to 3 components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a biological feedback system that are interconnected with the

a) amygdala
b) hippocampus
c) cortex

and are involved in the fight-or-flight response

31
Q

Behavioral theory of Unipolar depression

A

Suggests that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforces in a persons life

–> this results in further withdrawal, thus further reduction of reinforcers (Vicious cycle)

ex.: having difficulty in marriage will lead to fewer interactions because these are now less positively reinforcing than before

32
Q

Learned helplessness theory

Behavioral theory of unipolar depression

A

Suggests that the type of stressful event most likely to lead to depression is an uncontrollable negative event

–> if the are frequent they will make people feel helpless in any kind of way (Learned helplessness)

33
Q

Negative cognitive triad

Cognitive theory of UpD

A

Suggests that depressive people have negative views of themselves, world + future and engage in biased thinking that promotes negativity

e.g.: Ignoring good events + exaggerating bad ones

34
Q

Reformulated learned helplessness

Cognitive theory of UpD

A

Suggests that depressive people habitually explain negative events by causes that are internal

–> in turn this leads them to recreance longterm learned helplessness deficits, thus expecting to fail again

35
Q

Hopelessness depression

Cognitive theory of UpD

A

Develops when people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives + perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events

36
Q

Ruminative response styles theory

Cognitive theory

A

Depression results from rumination about the causes of feeling sad or upset, instead of doing sth about it

37
Q

Overgeneral memory

A

When given a simple word cue, then asked to describe a memory, depressed people will offer memories that are general

ex.: angry –> people are mean

38
Q

Interpersonal theories of unipolar depression

A

Suggest that interpersonal difficulties + losses in relationships are the stressors usually triggering depression

39
Q

Rejection sensitivity vs Excessive reassurance seeking

A

Having a heightened need for approval + expression of support from others

–> often seen in depressed people, who eventually withdraw from social contact altogether as a result

40
Q

Biological theory fo BpD

A

Suggests that BpD has a greater connection to genetic factors than UpD

–> areas most involved are

a) amygdala
b) PFC
c) Striatum

thus, showing abnormalities in white-matter tissue (there for communication)

41
Q

Name the Neurotransmitter factors contributing to BpD.

A

Dysregulation of the dopamine system, which leads to

a) excessive reward seeking during the manic phase
b) lack of reward seeking in the depressed phase

42
Q

Name the Psychosocial factors contributing to BpD.

A
  1. Higher sensitivity to reward are associated with faster relapse into mania or hypomania
  2. Stress
  3. Changes in bodily rhythms, eating patterns, etc
43
Q

How do drugs milder Depression ?

A

Drugs have slow-emerging effects on

  1. intracellular processes in the neurotransmitter systems
  2. the action of genes that regulate

a) neurotransmission
b) limbic system
c) stress Response

–> work better for chronic-severe depression

44
Q

Which drug treatment can be used for UpD ?

A
  1. SSRIs
  2. SNRIs
    - -> slight advantage over SSRI because it affects both Its
  3. Bupropion
    (Norepinphrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor/NDRI)
  4. Tricyclic antidepressants
    - -> numerous side effects, not used often
  5. Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
    - -> breaks down monoamines, very dangerous side effects
45
Q

Mood stabilizers

used for BpD

A
  1. Lithium
    - -> improves functioning of intracellular processes that are abnormal
  2. Anticonvulsant medication
    - -> reduces convulsions + stabilizes mood
  3. Atypical antipsychotic medication
    - -> quells symptoms of mania
46
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

ECT

A

Consists of a series treatments in which a brain seizure is induced by passing electrical current through the brain

–> delivered to one side of the brain, to prevent memory loss which occurs from bilateral administration

BUT: Usually only used in patients where drugs aren’t effective

47
Q

Newer methods of stimulating the brain have been proposed, showing promising results in the treatment of UpDs.

Name them.

A
  1. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
    (rTMS)
    –> repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses, focused on left PFC
  2. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
    - -> increased activity of hypot. + amygdala
  3. Deep brain stimulation
  4. Light therapy
    - -> reduces SAD, by resetting circadian rhythm
48
Q

Behavioral therapy for mood disorders

A

Focuses on increasing positive reinforcers + decreasing aversive experiences in an individuals life

–> by helping depressed people to change their patterns of interaction with the environment + other people

  1. Functional analysis
    - -> finding connections between specific circumstances + symptoms
  2. Changing aspects of the environment contributing to depression
  3. Teaching skills to change these environmental factors
49
Q

CBT

A

Aims to change the negative, hopeless patterns of thinking , by helping them to develop more adaptive ways of thinking

–> proves to be very effective

50
Q

Interpersonal therapy

IPT

A

Involves identifying + changing the patterns of the patients relationships by looking for 4 types of problems

  1. Grieve
    e. g.: loss of loved ones, breakup
  2. Interpersonal role disputes
    - -> not agreeing on ones role in a relationship
  3. Role transitions
    - -> depressed over role one has to leave behind
  4. Deficits in interpersonal skills
51
Q

Name the 2 general categories of mood disorders.

A
  1. Unipolar depression (UpD)

2. Bipolar disorder (BpD)

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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