Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychopathology > Problem 8 > Flashcards

Problem 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosis

A

Inability to tell the difference between what is real + what is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Refers to a psychotic disorder that involves a breakdown in the relation between

a) thought
b) emotion
c) behaviour

–> that leads to faulty perception + inappropriate actions and feelings and a withdrawal from reality + personal relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prevalence of Schizophrenia ?

A
  1. 0.5-2% general pop. prevalence
  2. Develops in late adolescence/ early adulthood
  3. Slight ethnic differences may occur due to differences in socioeconomic status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are 3 types of Schizophrenic symptoms.

Name them.

A
  1. Positive symptoms
    - -> adding qualities

a) Delusions
b) Hallucinations
c) Disorganized thought or speech
d) Catatonic behavior

  1. Negative symptoms
    - -> loosing qualities

a) affective flattening
b) alogia
c) avolition

  1. Cognitive deficits

a) attention
b) WM
c) abstract thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Delusion

Positive symptom

A

Refer to ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely

–> often impossible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Winning the lottery might be a highly unlikely event as well.

Why is this nonetheless a self deception and not a delusion ?
Where are the crucial differences between the two ?

A
  1. Self deceptions are possible, delusions are not

2. People holding self deceptions know their beliefs may be wrong, delusional people will insist on their views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
Persecutory delusion
(Positive symptom)
A

Believing that you are being watched by people you know

ex.: FBI, Professor at school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Delusion of reference

Positive symptom

A

Believing that random events or comments by others are directed at you when they are not

ex.: comments of a politician at directed at none other than you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Grandiose delusions
(Positive symptom)
A

Believing that one is a special being that possesses special powers

ex.: most intelligent on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Delusion of thought insertion

Positive symptom

A

Believing that ones thoughts are being controlled by outside forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hallucinations

Positive symptom

A

Refer to unreal perceptual experiences

–> may be consistency with delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Auditory hallucination

Postitive symtom

A

Consist of voices speaking to the individual through his thoughts or somewhere outside

–> most common schizophrenic hallucination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Visual hallucination

Positive symptom

A

Consists of seeing things that aren’t there

ex.: seeing a ghost (that may talk to the individual)

–> 2nd most common, often accompanied by auditory H.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tactile hallucination

Positive symptom

A

Involves the perception that something is happening outide the persons body

ex.: bugs are crawling up the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are there any cultural differences when it comes to hallucinations and delusions ?

A

Yes,

The specific content of the hallucinations or delusions vary from culture to culture

BUT: form of these symptoms remain similar, thus it can be diagnosed reliably across cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disorganized thought/Speech

Formal thought disorder

A

Refers to the disorganized thinking, by slipping from one topic to the next, where the second one is totally unrelated

–> loosening of associations/derailment, “Word salad”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Men with schizophrenia tend to show more severe deficits in language than women.

Why ?

A

Language is controlled more bilaterally in women

–> as it is more localized in men their deficits are larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Catatonic disorganized behavior

Positive symptom

A

Unpredictable + apparently untriggered agitation

  1. Catatonia
    - -> unresponsiveness to environment
  2. Negativism
    - -> lack of response to instructions
  3. Mutism
    - -> complete lack of verbal/motor responses
  4. Catatonic excitement
    - -> purposeless & excessive motor activity for no apparent reason

Is disorganized behavior that occurs in response to delusions + hallucinations and reflects unresponsiveness to the world

–> becoming wildly agitated for no reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Affective flattening

Negative symptom

A

Refers to a severe reduction or absence of affective responses to the environment

ex.: no body language, immobile face

20
Q

Alogia

Negative symptom

A

Refers to a reduction in speaking

ex.: no initiation of speech, brief answers

21
Q

Avolition

Negative symptom

A

Inability to complete tasks and being rather disorganized, careless + unmotivated

e.g.: work, school, home

22
Q

People with schizophrenia show deficits in basic cognitive processes.

Name them.

A
  1. WM
    - -> holding + manipulating info, thus more difficult to ignore irrelevant info and making connections between relevant ones
  2. Attention span
    - -> early marker of the risk for schizophrenia
23
Q

Prodromal vs residual symptoms

A

Prodromal
–> present before people go into acute phase of schizophrenia

Residual
–> present after they emerge from acute phase

=> during these phases people may have unusual but not delusional beliefs, milder version

24
Q

Prognosis of Schizophrenia

A
  1. 50-80% of people who have previously been hospitalized, will be so again
  2. Life expectancy is 10 years shorter
  3. Suffer from infectious diseases for unclear reasons
  4. No progressive detoriation
    - -> stabilization within 5-10 years with no relapse
25
Q

Gender differences in Schizophrenia ?

A
  1. Onset is earlier for men than women
  2. Women show milder negative symptoms, social adjustment, are hospitalized less

–> differences are not yet understood

26
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

DSM IV

A

Is a mix of schizophrenia + mood disorders

27
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

DSM IV

A

Showing a sudden onset of

a) delusions
b) hallucinations
c) disorganized speech or behavior

BUT: only having it for less than a month + no functional impairment

28
Q

Delusional disorder

DSM IV

A

Having delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that could occur in real life

ex.: being followed, poisoned, deceived by a spouse

–> no impairment of everyday life

29
Q

Shared psychotic disorder

DSM IV

A

Having a delusion that develops from a relationship with another person who already has delusions

ex.: woman thinking she is pregnant convincing the husband

30
Q

Structural + functional brain abnormalities

A
  1. Enlarged ventricles
    - -> suggests deterioration in other brain tissue
  2. Lower volume density of neurons in

a) PFC
- -> less active, connects to the other regions mentioned
b) temporal lobe
c) basal ganglia
d) limbic area

  1. Hippocampus
31
Q

Dopamine theory

A
  1. Excessive dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathway
    - -> positive symptoms
  2. Usually low dopamine activity in PFC
    - -> thus negative symptoms
  3. Other neurotransmitters also play a role
    - -> interaction between serotonin + dopamine may be crucial
  4. Abnormalities in levels of GABA
32
Q

Which key role does stress play in the life of a schizophrenic person ?

A

May be the trigger to new episodes in people with the disorder

BUT: cannot cause it in people who lack a vulnerability to it

33
Q

Expressed emotion

A

Families who are over-involved/overprotective + hostile at the same time will increase the risk of relapse for the ill family member

34
Q

Cognitive factors contributing to schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenic people try to conserve their already limited cognitive resources, by using biases/schemas to understand the load of info they receive

–> delusions arise as a consequence of trying to explain different phenomena

35
Q

Biological treatment options

A
  1. Electroconvulsive therapy
    - -> little effect
  2. Phenothiazines
    - -> antipsychotic drug, reduce the positive symptoms but not negative, have major side effects (=Tardive dyskinesia)
  3. Atypical antipsychotics
    - -> more effective as they treat both symptoms, w/o side effects
36
Q

Psychological/Social treatment options

A

Involve helping schizophrenic people

  1. reduce stress
  2. improve family interactions
  3. learn social skills
  4. cope with the impact it has on their lives
37
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Refers to an irreversible neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, jaw etc

38
Q

Comprehensive treatment program

A

Combines drug therapy with psychological + social therapies

–> significantly reduces relapse

39
Q

A study compared people having AVH with and without psychotic features.

They then established 4 characteristics that together could accurately predict the presence or absence of a psychotic disorder in individuals.

Name them.

A
  1. Negative emotional valence of the AVHs content
    - -> most predictive power
  2. Higher frequency
  3. Less control over AVHs
  4. Later age at onset

–> Seen in schizophrenic individuals

40
Q

Which cognitive biases are essential in the pathogenesis of Schizophrenia ?

A
  1. JTC
    - -> gathering little info before arriving at strong conclusions

BUT: individuals are unaware of their hastiness; think they are indecisive

  1. Incorrigibility
    - -> persistence + stubbornness
  2. Blaming others
    - -> attributional style
  3. Reduced memory vividness
    - -> over-confident in wrong memories
  4. ToM deficits
    - -> inability to infer others intentions
41
Q

Metacognitive training for schizophrenia

MCT

A

Targets the specific biases involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, by combining

a) Psychoeducation
b) cognitive remediation
c) CBT

–> goal is to

  1. raise the participants awareness of these distortions
  2. make them critically reflect on them
  3. teach them problem solving skills
42
Q

Frontal lobe model

A
  1. Hypo-frontality
    - -> have reduced frontal to posterior blood flow
  2. WM abnormalities
    - -> basis for other cognitive deficits
  3. Decreased activation of ACC
    - -> for errors + conflict
43
Q

Temporal lobe model

A
  1. Left hemispheric overactivation model
    - -> showing less lateralisation during verbal tasks + greater left hemispheric activation during spatial task
  2. Hippocampus abnormalities
    - -> reduced hippocampal + abnormally increased frontal activation

BUT: Meds possibly restore it

44
Q

Schizotypal disorder

A

Having all symptoms of schizophrenia

BUT: more moderate + not loosing ease of reality

45
Q

Schizophrenie form

A

Having all symptoms of Schizophrenia

BUT: only more than a month but less 6 months + more functional impairment

46
Q

Fronto-temporal network dysfunction

A

Refers to the integrated model of the temporal lobe + frontal lobe models

–> suggests that schizophrenic patients have dysfunctions in both regions

47
Q

Somatic hallucination (positive symptom)

A

Refers to the perception that something is happening inside the body

e.g. worms are eating the person’s testines

Psychopathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions