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Flashcards in Public Health Deck (23)
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1
Q

Define Incidence and Prevalence

A

Incidence - New cases in population

Prevalance - population number affected at time

2
Q

Define lead time bias

A

Pt identified earlier appears to live longer

3
Q

Define length time bias

A

Diseases slow growing more likely to be identified, therefore giving impression that screening results in higher survival

4
Q

selection bias

A

error in selection or allocaiton. Proper randomisation not achieved

5
Q

Information bias - measurement, observer, recall, and reporting?

A

Measurement - Different equipment used
Observer - researcher subconsciously records differently
Recall - Events not remembered correctly
Reporting - Suppression of info, embrassment

6
Q

Publication bias

A

Negative results less likely to be published

7
Q

Confounding factor

A

Association can be explained by unmeasured variable

8
Q

Reverse Causality

A

Outcome causes exposure

9
Q

Give WHO screening criteria for the condition, method, treatment, and screening programme

A

Condition must be - understood, identifiable latent phase, important health issue

Method must be - suitable to population

Tx - effective and accepted

Programme must be - Cost effective, benefit must outweigh harm (false postitive and negatives)

10
Q

sensitivity vs specificity

A

Sensitivity - Positive correctly identified

Specificity - negative correctly identified

11
Q

PPV vs NPV?

A

PPV - Porportion with positive result that have disease

NPV - proportion with negative result that dont have disease

12
Q

What is case control study? pros and cons

A

case control - cases with conditions vs people without

Pros - Good for rare disease. Quick and cheap

Cons - Prone to selection bias

13
Q

What is cohort study? Pros and cons

A

Cohort - People followed over time and exposure and disease recorded

Pros - Good for rare exposures. Decrease selection bias

Cons - Time consuming, needs large sample size

14
Q

What is cross sectional study? pros and cons

A

Cross sectional study - one or more variables studied at one point in time

Pros - Quick, cheap, large sample size

Cons - Risks of recall bias, reverse causality, non-respondance

15
Q

Define primary, secondary, tertiary prevention

A

Primary - remove risk factors of disaease

Secondary - prevent progression in early stages

Tertiary - Minimise disability in established disease

16
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria?

A
So Sick And Tired Cant Do Revision
S - Strength of association
S - Specificity
A - Analogy, similarity to other cause effect relaionships
T - Temporality. Exposure before outcome
C - Coherence and Consistency. Logical.
D - Dose response
R - Reversibility
17
Q

Define absolute and relative risk

A

Absolute - overall likelihood of ocurrence

Relative - incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

18
Q

Define economic efficiency

A

Resources allocated to maximise benefit

19
Q

Define incremental and marginal cost

A

Incremental - Difference in cost + QALYS between different treatments

Marginal - Cost incurred in producing 1 more unit

20
Q

Health behaviour and illness behaviour

A

health behaviour - aimed at preventing disease

Illness behaviour - aimed at seeking remedy

21
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Prediction of behaviour can be attained by intention which itself is determined by attitude, subjective norm (what others think), and behavioural control (I cant quit)

22
Q

Transtheoretical (stages of change) model

A

Pre-contemplation to contemplation to preparation to action to maintenance

23
Q

Health inequality vs inequity

A

Inequality - differences in healthcare due to individuality

Inequity - Differences due to injustices