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GI > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

How can most common cancers be prevented

A

Diet, weight control and exercise

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2
Q

Exercise per week and fibre target

A

150 mins per week, 30g a day

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3
Q

Red meat recommendation

A

< 70g/day, <500g/week

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4
Q

Factors affecting food choice

A

Housing, employment, education, residence area

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5
Q

What can cause a dietary change

A

Right pricing, marketing and availability strategies

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6
Q

Recommended diet for Coeliac disease

A

Gluten free

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7
Q

What can healthcare professionals do to encourage healthier eating habits

A

Brief intervention, written advice (obesity is risk factor for many disorders, nutrition is important), refer to dietician, guide, reinforce, encourage

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8
Q

What is dental caries

A

Scientific term for tooth decay

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9
Q

What index is used to measure dental carries

A

DMF - Decayed, missing or filled teeth surfaces

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10
Q

Measuring DMF, of 32 teeth, a patient has 2 decayed, 4 missing and 6 filled

A 
D = 2, M = 4 and F = 6
DMF = 2+4+6 = 12
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11
Q

What factor is involved in unequal distribution of dental caries

A

Socia-economic status

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12
Q

What are periodontal disease

A

Infections affecting the structures around the teeth. Its earliest stage is gingivitis, infection affecting gums

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13
Q

What can periodontal disease lead to

A

Atherosclerosis, stroke, MI, adverse pregnancy, diabetes, respiratory infections, obesity

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14
Q

Treatment for periodontal disease

A

Oral hygiene, stop smoking, scaling and root planning, surgery, long term maintenance, extraction

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15
Q

Example of dental public health intervention

A

Childsmile - National programme to improve oral health of children and reduce inequalities both in dental health and access to dental services

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16
Q

Risk factors for oesophageal cancer

A

Body fat, alcoholic drinks

17
Q

Risk factors for stomach cancer

A

Body fat, alcoholic drinks, foods preserved by salting, processed meat (non-cardia)

18
Q

Colon cancer risk factors

A

Processed meat, alcoholic drinks, body fat, height

19
Q

Decreased risk for colon cancer

A

Exercise, wholegrains, dairy and calcium supplments (probable)

20
Q

Recommended physical activity per week

A

150 mins/week or 75 mins of vigorous activity + strength training 2/week

21
Q

Fibre intake recommended

A

30g/day

22
Q

Upper alcohol limit recommended

A

Not more than 14 units a week, should be spread over 3 days or more

23
Q

Alcohol and pregnant women

A

Alcohol should be avoided by pregnant women

24
Q

Acute effects of alcohol consumption

A

Impairs CNS - Accidents and violence
GI - Oesophagitis, gastritis, ulceration, acute pancreatitis
Respiratory - Overdose, aspiration

25
Q

Chronic disease of CNS in alcoholics

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome -
Results from severe acute deficiency of B1 (thiamine). Patient develops Wernicke’s encephalopathy leading to Korsakoff’spsychosis.

26
Q

Drinking and the youth

A

Youths with alcohol-use disorder have smaller hippocampal memory than non-drinkers

27
Q

What can drinking during pregnancy cause

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome -

7-14 units/week particularly >= 5 / occasion can cause moderate damage.

28
Q

Signs in foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Growth deficiency, mental retardation, intellectual impairment, attentional learning disability, behavioural problems

29
Q

Physical features of foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Microcephaly, low set ears, flat midface, small chin, thin upper lip

30
Q

Alcohol related liver disease

A

Cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis

31
Q

Spectrum of alcohol liver disease

A

Normal liver - Steatosis (Fatty liver) - Alcoholic hepatitis - Cirrhosis - Cancer (Hepatocellular cancer)

32
Q

Clinical spectrum of actue liver disease

A

Malaise, nausea, fever
Jaundice, hepatomegaly, sepsis
Encephalopathy, ascites, renal failure, death

33
Q

Signs of chronic liver disease

A

Spider angioma, fetors (foul smell), encephalopathy

Prolonged prothrombin time, hypoalbuminaemia

34
Q

Signs of portal hypertension

A

Caput medusa, hypersplenism, thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia

35
Q

How can cirrhosis be assessed/graded

A

Childs-Turcotte-Pugh;
Originally used to predict mortality during surgery, now to determine prognosis
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD);
Initially to predict mortality within three months of surgery in patients who had undergone TIPS but now used to determine prognosis and prioritizing recipients for liver transplant

36
Q

Features of alcoholic hepatitis

A

Hepatomegaly +- Fever +- Leucocytosis +- hepatic bruit with appropriate clinical history

37
Q

How can alcoholic hepatitis be scored

A

Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score -
Predicts mortality in patients by lab results and age. Helps determine which patients may require more intensive management based on estimated mortality

38
Q

Treatment for alcohol-related cirrhosis

A

Abstinence

39
Q

Prognosis for end stage liver disease vs alcoholic hepatitis

A

Short term - ESLD > ALD

Long term - ALD > ESLD

GI (32 decks)

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