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Flashcards in Quiz Set 3 Deck (72)
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1
Q

what are the unique properties of neurons

A

depolarization, propagation, and transmission of a neural impulse

2
Q

what are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action

A

neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurhormones

3
Q

based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter

A

neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell

4
Q

what is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron

A

the cell body, soma, or perikaryon

5
Q

what are the basic morphologies of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons

6
Q

what are the possible locations of bipolar neurons

A

the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion

7
Q

what are the possible location s of pseudounipolar neurons

A

any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve

8
Q

where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located

A

in a sensory ganglion

9
Q

what is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system

A

multipolar

10
Q

what are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings

A

functional specificity, distribution- function and structure or morphology

11
Q

what do chemoreceptors monitor

A

hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

12
Q

what are the types and examples of exteroceptors

A

(a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
(b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste

13
Q

what are the examples of proprioceptors

A

Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints

14
Q

where will the interoceptors be located

A

in viscera, glands, and blood vessels

15
Q

which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration

A

lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

16
Q

what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve

A

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

17
Q

muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

18
Q

muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves

A

cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve and cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

19
Q

what peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin

A

cranial nerve II or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, as well as spianl nerves T1-12, L1, L2 and S2-4

20
Q

what is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body

A

a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

21
Q

what are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types

22
Q

primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

23
Q

what is the name given to the neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers

A

cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine

24
Q

what types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain

A

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

25
Q

will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain

A

no

26
Q

what are the four classifications of afferent neurons

A

somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory

27
Q

what do somatic afferents monitor

A

pain, temperature, light touch and proprioception

28
Q

what do visceral afferents monitor

A

baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera

29
Q

what do special visceral afferents monitor

A

olfaction and taste

30
Q

what do special sensory afferents mointor

A

vision, hearing, equilibrium

31
Q

what is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron

A

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

32
Q

what forms the true olfactory nerve

A

fila olfactoria

33
Q

what is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve

A

olfactory glomerulus

34
Q

what is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve

A

mitral cell

35
Q

what is the function of the rod cell

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

36
Q

what is the function of the cone cell

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

37
Q

what is the most numerous photoreceptor cell

A

rod cell

38
Q

what forms the optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells

39
Q

what occurs at the optic chiasma

A

part of the optic nerve decussates

40
Q

axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

41
Q

at its apparent origin cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways

A

somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway

42
Q

what is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve

A

oculomotor nuclear complex

43
Q

what is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve

A

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid

44
Q

visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/ Westphal

45
Q

what is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve

A

ciliary ganglion

46
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve

A

short ciliary nerve

47
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets

A

sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles

48
Q

what are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve

A

it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain; it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus

49
Q

the right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscles

A

the right side muscles

50
Q

somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)

A

superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye

51
Q

what are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland

A

pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion

52
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch

A

maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

53
Q

the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves

A

facial and trigeminal nerves

54
Q

the zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve

A

ophthalmic nerve

55
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve

A

nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of the facial nerve

56
Q

which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands

A

chorda tympani nerve

57
Q

the chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening

A

petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone

58
Q

the chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve

A

the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

59
Q

peripheral sensory processes from receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed to the seventh cranial nerve from what other cranial nerve

A

vagus

60
Q

in general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus

A

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

61
Q

what is the classification of sensory fibers associated with taste

A

special visceral afferent fibers

62
Q

peripheral sensory processes from taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion

A

genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion

63
Q

what fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth

A

endolymph

64
Q

what is the name given to spiral appearance of the organ for hearing

A

cochlea

65
Q

how is sound or position converted into a neural impulse

A

endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell

66
Q

in what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified

A

the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle, and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts

67
Q

what is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium

A

stereocilia and a single kinocilium

68
Q

what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium

A

Scarpa’s ganglion or the vestibular ganglion

69
Q

central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what locations

A

vestibular nuclear complex

70
Q

receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure

A

the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct or scala media

71
Q

what is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing

A

sterocilia

72
Q

what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing

A

the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion