what are the unique properties of neurons
depolarization, propagation, and transmission of a neural impulse
what are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action
neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurhormones
based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter
neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell
what is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron
the cell body, soma, or perikaryon
what are the basic morphologies of neurons
unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons
what are the possible locations of bipolar neurons
the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion
what are the possible location s of pseudounipolar neurons
any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve
where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located
in a sensory ganglion
what is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system
multipolar
what are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings
functional specificity, distribution- function and structure or morphology
what do chemoreceptors monitor
hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
what are the types and examples of exteroceptors
(a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
(b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste
what are the examples of proprioceptors
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints
where will the interoceptors be located
in viscera, glands, and blood vessels
which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration
lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve
peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve
muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves
cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve and cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve
what peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin
cranial nerve II or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, as well as spianl nerves T1-12, L1, L2 and S2-4
what is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body
a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion
what are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types
primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
what is the name given to the neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers
cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine
what types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain
no
what are the four classifications of afferent neurons
somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory
what do somatic afferents monitor
pain, temperature, light touch and proprioception
what do visceral afferents monitor
baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera
what do special visceral afferents monitor
olfaction and taste
what do special sensory afferents mointor
vision, hearing, equilibrium
what is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron
it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia
what forms the true olfactory nerve
fila olfactoria
what is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve
olfactory glomerulus
what is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve
mitral cell
what is the function of the rod cell
provide vision in dim light conditions
what is the function of the cone cell
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
what is the most numerous photoreceptor cell
rod cell
what forms the optic nerve
axons of ganglion cells
what occurs at the optic chiasma
part of the optic nerve decussates
axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location
lateral geniculate nucleus
at its apparent origin cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways
somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway
what is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve
oculomotor nuclear complex
what is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve
medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid
visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/ Westphal
what is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve
ciliary ganglion
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve
short ciliary nerve
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets
sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles
what are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve
it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain; it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus
the right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscles
the right side muscles
somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)
superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye
what are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland
pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch
maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves
facial and trigeminal nerves
the zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve
ophthalmic nerve
preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve
nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of the facial nerve
which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands
chorda tympani nerve
the chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening
petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone
the chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve
the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal
peripheral sensory processes from receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed to the seventh cranial nerve from what other cranial nerve
vagus
in general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus
the spinal trigeminal nucleus
what is the classification of sensory fibers associated with taste
special visceral afferent fibers
peripheral sensory processes from taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion
genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion
what fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth
endolymph
what is the name given to spiral appearance of the organ for hearing
cochlea
how is sound or position converted into a neural impulse
endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell
in what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified
the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle, and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts
what is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium
stereocilia and a single kinocilium
what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium
Scarpa’s ganglion or the vestibular ganglion
central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what locations
vestibular nuclear complex
receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure
the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct or scala media
what is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing
sterocilia
what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing
the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion