Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Sjögren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)
Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)
Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Sézary syndrome (mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood)
Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
Fat, female, forty, and fertile
Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
Measles
Fever, night sweats, weight loss
B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma
Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
Peyronie disease (connective tissue disorder)
Gout, intellectual disability, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease)
Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk, mainly GI)
Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms
Gaucher disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present
UMN damage
Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations
LMN damage
Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
“Blue bloater” (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum)
Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of biliary tree)
Large rash with bull’s-eye appearance
Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)