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Neuroanatomy > Reaching Grasp 1 > Flashcards

Reaching Grasp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of grasps?

A

Precision grip

Power grip

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2
Q

What is an example of a precision grip?

A

grasping a pen or needle

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3
Q

What is the precision grip mediated by?

A

primary motor cortex

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4
Q

What specifically activates with a precision grip?

A

individual cortical motor neuron projections

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5
Q

What is an example of a power grip?

A

when holding a hammer or climbing a rope

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6
Q

What is the power grip mediated by?

A

both cortical and non cortical motor projections

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7
Q

What are visuomotor transformations mediated by?

A

PPC and premotor cortex

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8
Q

What happens when there is damage to the PPC and premotor cortex?

A

impaired preshaping of the hand during goal directed grasping

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9
Q

What are some key elements to reach, grasp, and manipulate tasks?

A
  • locating target (visual regard)
  • coordination of eye and hand
  • reaching (translocation of arm and hand AND postural support)
  • grasping including grip and release
  • in hand manipulation of object
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10
Q

What is feedforward?

A

anticipation of the requirements of the task and resultant actions based upon previous experiences

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11
Q

What is feedback control?

A

need for response to errors in performance of the task

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12
Q

For feedforward, what happens with a new task?

A

visual information updates previous experiences

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13
Q

What happens after the visual information is updated during feedforward?

A

muscle activation

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14
Q

Once the task is complete, what happens to react to the perturbation?

A

feedback mechanisms

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15
Q

What is feedback control represented by?

A

the short latency reflex response following impact

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16
Q

What is the first step in reaching and grasping?

A

target location (head eye location)

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17
Q

When there is an object in peripheral vision sequence of events during reaching and grasping, what happens?

A 
eye movement (shortest latency)
head movement (EMG activity in neck is before eyes but inertia of head is large so our eyes move first)
-eyes focus on object before head stops moving
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18
Q

When there is vision of the object needed, which moves more the head or eyes?

A

head moved 60-75% distance and eyes completed motion

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19
Q

When do you use full head and eye simultaneous movement?

A

when greater accuracy is needed

20
Q

What are the 3 distinct conditions in the target location?

A

eye movement alone
control of eye movement and head movement
locate in far periphery, eye, head and trunk movement together

21
Q

What does the parietal cortex do to your eyes and head when reaching and grasping?

A

it anticipates the amount of eye and head movement that is needed and updates the brain’s representation of the visual field based upon the anticipated movement

22
Q

How do we know that through visual saccades, the eyes catch up to the brain’s updated image?

A

because parietal neurons begin to fire 80 msec prior to the visual saccade

23
Q

How does the parietal neurons communicate with the premotor cortex and the frontal eye fields?

A

through corollary discharges

24
Q

Where are neurons that drive saccadic movements and UE movement located?

A

adjacent to the UE primary motor cortex in the frontal eye fields (saccadic movements) and the pre motor cortex (UE movement)

25
Q

Hand eye coordination: Hand movements are more accurate when accompanied by?

A

eye movements

26
Q

There is an _____ gain and _____ latency of visual pursuit movements when the hand is following the target.

A

increased gain and decreased visual pursuit

27
Q

The link between hand and eye movement is not through proprioceptive feedback (movement is too fast to rely on feedback), so what is the linkage between?

A

afferent copy or corollary discharge

28
Q

With hand eye coordination, what does proprioceptive feedback assist in?

A

accuracy of visual and manual pursuit

29
Q

When used to point at an object, the arm and hand is controlled as what?

A

a unit

30
Q

when reaching to grasp, the hand and arm are controlled how?

A

hand is controlled independently of the rest of the arm

31
Q

What are the details of velocity with grasp?

A

acceleration phase < deceleration phase

32
Q

What are the details of velocity with point and hit object?

A

acceleration phase > deceleration phase

33
Q

velocity of grasp and throw

A

longer acceleration phase

34
Q

velocity of grasp and fit object into box

A

shorter acceleration phase than grasp and throw

35
Q

What are the different tasks that a patient should be able to do?

A 
reach and point
reach and grasp
reach, grasp, and throw
reach, grasp, and manipulate
reach, grasp, and place in box or remove from box
36
Q

What is the illusion called when there is a small object surrounded by larger object and the same small object surrounded by another small object would look bigger?

A

Ebbinghaus illusion

37
Q

What two visual pathways does the Ebbinghaus illusion separate well?

A

dorsal and ventral visual streams

38
Q

what is the ventral visual stream?

A

site where you cognitively recognize the relative size of objects

39
Q

Where is the ventral visual stream going?

A

it is a pathway to the temporal lobe

40
Q

What does the dorsal visual stream control?

A

grip size. positioning hands properly to pick up an object

41
Q

Where is the dorsal visual stream going?

A

to the posterior parietal cortex

42
Q

Duration of reaching with visual feedback?

A

longer duration but greater accuracy

43
Q

What helps mediate cortically blind but visual behaviors when talking about pointing and target position?

A

superior colliculus

44
Q

What role does visual feedback have on grasp?

A

no difference in the kinematics of grasp with or without feedback

45
Q

What can be noted when using visual feedback when grasping?

A

the thumb position in relation to the wrist is the key

Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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