Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power 1968-83 Flashcards Preview

History A-Level Pearson Edexcel - USA 1917-1980, South Africa 1948-1994, British Empire 1763-1914 > Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power 1968-83 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power 1968-83 Deck (96)
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1
Q

What was passed in 1959 about education?

A

Extension of University Education Act, aiming to split rich and poor blacks and creating a ruling class for the homelands

2
Q

Which international presence interested Africans in universities the most?

A

The radical Christianity of MLK and black power, as well as Bobby Kennedy’s SA visit of 1966 to NUSAS

3
Q

Why did Biko split from NUSAS?

A

The organisation was filled with whites who saw blacks as unequal

4
Q

When was SASO set up and where?

A

July 1969 in Turfloop

5
Q

Which religious ideology heavily influenced black consciousness?

A

Liberation theology

6
Q

Why was black chosen as the word to describe the consciousness movement?

A

It was not Bantu or non-white, it harked back to some African languages, it was not African like ANC or PAC, it gave a sense of identity

7
Q

Why was the segregation of universities a flaw in the NP plan?

A

It gave blacks the unrestrained ability to act as they wished as their idea-building age

8
Q

What was SASO first international support action?

A

A 1,200 person rally supporting FRELIMO in Mozambique, which was against a government ban

9
Q

Which anti-homelands organisations were launched in 1972?

A

Black Consciousness Movement and a Black People’s Convention

10
Q

Which newspaper helped spread the ideas of black consciousness in Soweto?

A

The World

11
Q

When were the SASO 9 arrested and how did the trial go about?

A

March 1973, heavily covered by press as SASO itself was not banned, Biko outlined philosophy of black consciousness, protest songs were sung

12
Q

How many African children were at school in 1950 and 1975?

A

1 million up to 3.5 million

13
Q

How was the black consciousness movement in high schools threatened?

A

By the government, and by the tsotsis gangs which threatened those leaving school

14
Q

How did the threats to black consciousness affect it’s structure?

A

The members often formed collectives to protect themselves

15
Q

Which decision was made in 1974 to start the path towards the Soweto uprising?

A

The Transvaal Bantu Education Department expanded Afrikaans as the language of teaching, enforced harshly by Andries Treurnicht

16
Q

How many marched on in Soweto, when, and how many died in the whole uprising?

A

20,000, 575 died June 16th 1976

17
Q

What occurred after the first Soweto marches?

A

Attacking of African local government buildings, 2 officials killed, Wits University Afrikaans department attempted to be burnt

18
Q

Who organized funerals for those in Soweto?

A

Winnie Mandela and her Black Parents Association

19
Q

How many youths fled SA 1976-77?

A

4,000

20
Q

What occurred in April 1977 to show the fractious atmosphere of the times?

A

When Soweto rents were increased, Urban Bantu Council buildings were burnt down in mass protests

21
Q

When did Biko die?

A

September 1977

22
Q

How was Woods able to spread the story of Biko in SA?

A

Through the newspaper he edited, the Daily Dispatch

23
Q

How many people went to Biko’s funeral?

A

Over 10,000

24
Q

Where was the ANC and MK based in exile and why?

A

Lusaka in Zambia, close to SA, cheaper to house exiled political community

25
Q

Which 2 campaigns did the MK launch from Lusaka and what were the results of these?

A

1967 Wankie Campaign and 1968 Sipolilo Campaign, both failures resulting in Kaunda of Zambia asking the MK to take their violence elsewhere

26
Q

What changes were made to the ANC in 1969?

A

Tambo re-elected as leader, new ‘strategy and tactics’ whereby no armed detachments but infiltration of SA groups and individuals, admitting people of all races (no 4 separate groups)

27
Q

How did the ANC become more authoritarian in the 1970s?

A

Expulsion in 1975 of pro-Africanists, expulsion of whites trying to mobilise SACTU in late 70s

28
Q

How did the British AAM work in the 60s and 70s?

A

Organised sporting and arts boycotts by unions and guilds, by 70s SA was quite isolated

29
Q

What was passed by the UN in 1980?

A

Cultural and academic boycott of SA

30
Q

Under what circumstances and when was SA expelled from test cricket?

A

UK Stop the Seventy Tour disrupted 1969-1970 tour, ban in 1970

31
Q

What was signed by Commonwealth countries in 1977?

A

Gleneagles Agreement discouraging sports teams from working with SA

32
Q

When was that SA/NZ rugby tour?

A

1981

33
Q

What did Heath do in 1970 to change policy towards SA and how did he act after this time?

A

Removal of UK from UN arms embargo of SA, then ‘constructive engagement’

34
Q

Why were economic boycotts not supported by many in the UK in the 70s?

A

Investment could help the black worker alongside good working practices, thought that economic growth would should weaknesses of apartheid

35
Q

What did the World Council of Churches do in 1972 under AAM pressure?

A

Sell its holdings in companies that had SA interests

36
Q

What was the name of the 2 segments of the National Party?

A

Verligte and Verkrampte

37
Q

What did Vorster do with a report that recommended more colored integration?

A

He rejected it, siding with the verkramptes over the verligte press like Die Burger

38
Q

Who did Vorster wish to replace him and how did he try and make this happen?

A

Connie Mulder, Minister of Information, who was allocated a R64 million slush fund for ‘propaganda projects’

39
Q

How was the slush fund of Mulder wrong?

A

It created The Citizen to try and persuade English-speakers to support the National Party and bribes were paid into USA and UK to support regime, with some funds free to use by NP members

40
Q

Who competed to replace Vorster and when?

A

1978, Botha and Mulder

41
Q

How did the fuel crisis affect SA and how did the National Party try to combat this?

A

Manufacturing slowed down, SASOL was created to extract oil from coal but this a third of national requirement come the 80s

42
Q

Percentage of whites as a total of the population 1960 and 1991

A

20% to 13%

43
Q

Which party is formed in 1959 and how many seats did it have?

A

Progressive Party, 11 NP MPs down to 1 in 1961

44
Q

Why was the United Party ineffective opposition to the NP?

A

It mainly supported apartheid come 1970s

45
Q

When was the Progressive Federal Party formed and how many seats did it win in 1981 with who as leader?

A

1977, 26 seats, Slabbert as leader

46
Q

Why were strikes so threatening to the NP?

A

Black workers made up the largest part of the key industries that fuelled the SA economy, gold and uranium

47
Q

Which strike began to show the true TU in SA and how many factories supported it?

A

1973, 150 factories

48
Q

Which strike showed the ability of TU to bridge racial divides?

A

1979, when those of Italian decent struck bringing together colored women and African migrant workers, Fattis and Monis factory fought against by Food and Canning Union, and the strike won out

49
Q

Which group of TU was formed in 1979?

A

Federation of SA TU or FOSATU

50
Q

By how much did the homeland budget increase by in the 1970s?

A

It quadrupled

51
Q

Why were the increases in homeland spending not often felt by Africans?

A

There was a great deal of waste, such as 10 homeland capitals, and an unnecessary international airport in Ciskei

52
Q

How did the KwaZulu homeland become politicised?

A

It’s leader, Buthelezi, was rejected by black consciousness so by the end of the 70s he became very nationalistic ethnically

53
Q

Which foreign policy path was rejected by the NP in the 1970s?

A

The laager mentality of past years

54
Q

How did SA try to win over support from other African nations?

A

Loans made available to Lesotho and Swaziland, military pressure on Angola, Zimbabwe worked with even with black rule

55
Q

How did SA keep a strong military with the arms embargo?

A

Massive defense budget and by 1982 80% of weapons made in SA

56
Q

What does the issues of SADCC show?

A

That SA controlled the majority of transport links in southern Africa and was too powerful to be ignored

57
Q

Who did Black Consciousness work with and when was SASO banned?

A

Non-whites, seeing all as unified (so at first tolerated as seemed like separate development) and 1975

58
Q

Increase in high school enrollment in 1970 to 1975

A

150%, increasing school pressures

59
Q

Government cause of Soweto and group to support direct action

A

Cuts to government subsidies on maize in an economic downturn, with South Africa Students Movement increasing school-age interest in action

60
Q

Example of issue of overcrowding in Soweto

A

Desmond Tutu had warned government that anger was at breaking point 3 weeks before uprising, with 20 living in 4 roomed houses

61
Q

Why did leadership lead to Soweto?

A

No clear leadership, such as ANC or military presence as Tambo realised after, but some links such as Joe Gqabi of SASM

62
Q

Why were shebeens targeted by those in Soweto?

A

These illegal drinking dens had led to many black men wasting their families money on alcohol

63
Q

Minister of Justice reaction to Soweto

A

Jimmy Kruger blamed demonstrators, banned 18 organisations

64
Q

How was Soweto different in terms of who took part?

A

Active role of children, more random and spontaneous as well

65
Q

How was Soweto not governed after the crisis?

A

Committee of Ten, with residents voting for councils to run area, rejected by NP

66
Q

International reaction to death of Biko

A

Larger than usual (14 died in similar circumstances in 1977) as well known and 700 miles journey seemed awful, UN and US protest, Cry Freedom in 1987

67
Q

Example of issues between ANC and new youth

A

2 mutinies faced by ANC while abroad training due to lack of action in early 1970s

68
Q

What did the ANC leadership do in 1978 and what was the result of this?

A

Vietnam trip, understood guerrilla tactics in cities rather than violence in rural areas, but also importance of being seen internationally as a government in exile from SA, a real opposition

69
Q

Examples of SA power in Africa

A

Zambia saw 95% of it’s income, in copper exports, needing SA ports and railways, and in 1969 SA pressured Tanzania to kick out ANC

70
Q

Example of Tambo international action

A

Meeting US multinational companies in early 1980s to persuade international opinion that ANC was not communist

71
Q

Example of Tambo trying to make SA ungovernable

A

October 1985 giving evidence to Commons committee leading to British delegation investigating apartheid and returning with damning report supporting sanctions

72
Q

Example of MK action in mid-1970s

A

Attack by MK on police station in Soekmekaar at a time when residents were unhappy about forced removals

73
Q

Example of international action 1986

A

October Congress passing sanctions, overriding Reagan veto

74
Q

Liberalism in politics in 1970s

A

7 MPs won by Progressive Party in 1974, as United Party collapse in same year, Progressive Federal Party rename with 17 seats in 1977

75
Q

Who did some whites on the right support?

A

Andries Treurnicht and his far right agenda, start of Conservative Party voting block

76
Q

Constitutional changes in 1981

A

President’s Council of whites, colored and Indians (no blacks due to lack of interest) to replace Senate

77
Q

Number of independent Bantustans and percentage of income of Transkei from SA

A

4 (first Transkei in 1976) and 85%, so not independent at all

78
Q

What does the facts of 1986 show about black SA workforce?

A

250,000 pass offenses, not enough unskilled jobs in Bantustans so many moving to cities

79
Q

Example of Bantustan vague success

A

Bophuthatswana with 19 separate areas of land miles apart, with casino complex Sun City to create economy as gambling not allowed in white areas, but still 65% of population worked outside of homeland

80
Q

Example of NP desire for stability in homelands

A

Mangope President for Life in his Bantustan was restored after 1988 coup

81
Q

Example of small changes to please left-wing element of NP

A

Department of Bantu Affairs changed to Collective Development, with differentiation used instead of discrimination

82
Q

Who helped form the Conservative Party?

A

Connie Mulder after the forced resignation from NP in 1978

83
Q

Issues with SA economy in 1970s

A

GDP grew less than population, hurting all, inflation never less than 10%, more people migrating than immigrating, particularly with loss of white professionals

84
Q

Examples of use of SA Defense Force

A

August 1975 entry to Angola to place UNITA in as a client government, with October Operation Susannah seeing 3,000 troops enter area, and in 1977 5% of GDP spent on SADF, with internal Soweto and war

85
Q

Example of foreign reliance on SA in terms of jobs

A

SA employed 280,000 surplus workers in 1984 from other African nations

86
Q

SA in Mozambique

A

FRELIMO Marxists took power, NP preferred RENAMO but signed Nkomati Accord of 1984 and agreed to stop fighting government if ANC bases closed

87
Q

How did SA leave Angola?

A

With a loss of US support early on, pulling out occurred in 1976 but only fully in 1988 when loss to Angolan government in Battle of Cuito Cuanavale

88
Q

Which agreement ended SWAPO violence in Namibia?

A

Resolution 435 of 1989

89
Q

Example of human rights abuse by NP

A

Attack on Kassinga refugee camp in May 1978

90
Q

Example of early AAM action

A

1960 March call for month-long boycott of SA goods

91
Q

Example of early UN action

A

1962 November Resolution 1761, special committee on apartheid and economic sanctions called for

92
Q

Why were UN sanctions not mandatory?

A

Security Council with USA, UK and France refused to support them, such as oil embargoes since 1960

93
Q

Examples of arms embargo

A

1971 Commonwealth Conference - ban of arms sales caused UK to drop projected deal, as well as 1977 UN Resolution 418 with mandatory arms embargo post-Soweto

94
Q

Who notably continued trading with SA?

A

Israel, who found a way around sanctions where needed

95
Q

Example of US economic sanctions

A

1987 Chase Manhattan refused to renew short-term maturing loan of $10m

96
Q

Facts about economic sanctions from 1989

A

10% reduction in economic growth, 50,000 potencial jobs lost