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Physiology Week 4 > Reproduction System > Flashcards

Reproduction System Flashcards

1
Q

What are Gonads

A

Produce gametes and hormones

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2
Q

What are accessory glands and organs?

A

secrete fluids

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3
Q

Ductus derenfes

A

serm duct

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4
Q

seminal gland does what?

A

Fluid: most of semen volume

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5
Q

Prostate gland produces?

A

Fluid and enzymes

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6
Q

Bulbourethral glands do what?

A

produce liquid that neitralzies the urine so that semen can come out

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7
Q

WHat happens in the epidiysmis?

A

semen maturation

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8
Q

Why are men more likely to get inguinal hernias?

A

because of the weak spot where the testes dropped

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the connective band tissue?

A

pulls developing teste through to the scrotum

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10
Q

After meiosis one in spermateogensis what are the cells? (2n or n?

A

2n

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11
Q

After meosis 2 what are the cells?

A

n

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12
Q

After spermiogenesis what are the cells? 2n or n?

A

n

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13
Q

Structure of the spermatozoan?

A 
Acrosome 
Head
Neck
Middle piece
Tail
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14
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

fertiliazation enzyme

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15
Q

What is in the head of the sperm?

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

What is in the neck of the sperm?

A

centroiles

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17
Q

What is in the middle piece of the sperm?

A

Mictochondria for swimming

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18
Q

Whats the sperm missing?

A

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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19
Q

Gonads of the female

A

ovary

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20
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Makes sperm

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21
Q

What are the functions of nurse cell?

A

To isolate seminiferous tubles from the blood-testis barrier and to work on hormone contol

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22
Q

What are nurse cells connected with?

A

tight junctions

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23
Q

What does the basal testes barrier separate?

A

Luminal comparment from the basal comparment

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24
Q

What does the head of the testis do?

A

Collects spermatozoa from ductules

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25
Q

Where do you sterocilia?

A

Movement of liquid, they don’t know what direction to go so it provides a current

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26
Q

What can cause erectile dysfunction is caused by?

A

low blood pressure

Psychological factors

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27
Q

What are in Viagra and cialis?

A
  • Enzymes that counter NO
  • Viagra and Cialis temporarily inactivate these enzymes
  • More active Nitric Oxide to stimulate erection
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28
Q

Three main funcitons of ovaries?

A

Produce oocytes (immature ova)
Secrete sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone)
Secrete inhibin

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29
Q

How does the uterine tube move the egg?

A

cilia and peristalsis

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30
Q

What happens in mensus?

A

Spiral arteries constrict, causing degradation of endometrium

Menstruation (35-50mL)

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31
Q

What happens in the proliferation phase of

A

Basilar zone and myometrium intact

Estrogen from ovarian follicles

Epithelial cells proliferate, uterine glands make mucus (glycogen-rich-energy and nutrients)

32
Q

What happens in the secretory phase?

A

Uterine glands enlarge, arteries elongate

Progesterone and estrogens (corpus luteum)

Ovulation until menses

33
Q

If the uterine and ovarian cycles arent in sync what will happen?

A

infertility

34
Q

Why does the combined pill contain estrogen?

A

Estrogen increases too early (not after ten days)

We will get a spike before day ten

35
Q

What hormones are inhibited when estrogen is in the pill?

A

prevents LH from being secreted

36
Q

What structure would be affected in an estrogen pill?

A

No corpus luteum so no ovulation

37
Q

Why do oral contraceptives contain progestin (a progesterone receptor blocker?

A

blockerBlocks stimulation of endometrial growth and secretion/blocks GnRH

38
Q

What structure would be affected from progesterone pill?

A

endometrial lining of uterus

39
Q

What is estrogen mostly working to do?

A

mostly working to not release ovulation

40
Q

What is progesterone mostly working to do?

A

mostly working to not stimulate endometrial growth

41
Q

Pill: MUST be taken daily (why?)

A

you would still ovulate so you don’t want to give the wall a chance to fertilize the egg

42
Q

In the deep injection why does uterine cycle stop?

A

There is no uterine lining to shed

43
Q

Which birth control methods can result in the cessation of the uterine cycle?

A

depot, progesterone, UID, Injection, implanon

44
Q

What is Amenorrhea?

A

absense of the menstration

45
Q

What going wrong in turners syndrome?

A

Missing all or part of one of two X chromosomes

46
Q

What is Benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Lower testosterone levels after 50

prostate pushes on urethra

47
Q

What does testicular cancer almost alway arise from?

A

an abnormal spermatocyte

48
Q

What is happening in the first trimester?

A

Beginning
structures of all
the major organ
systems appear

49
Q

What is happening in the second trimester?

A 
Development of
organs and organ
systems.
Change in
body shape and
proportions.
By end of this
trimester, the fetus
looks distinctively
human.
50
Q

What is happening in the third trimester?

A 
Largest gain in
fetal weight.
Most organ
systems fully
functional.
51
Q

What are the four development stages?

A

Fertilization
Cleavage (days 1-9)
Gastrulation (days 9-12)
Formation of membranes (weeks 2-10)

52
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin do? hGC
Using what hormone and why is it happening?
2

A

Shortly after implantation
Functions like LH
Maintains corpus luteum (what hormone?progesterone)(why?shed uterine lining)

53
Q

What does human placental lactogen do? hPL

2

A

Prep for lactation

Not active until combined hPL, estrogens, progesterone, GH, prolactin, thyroid hormones

54
Q

What does relaxin do?

3

A

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
Dilation of cervix
Delays onset of labor contractions

55
Q

What physiological changes happen during pregancy?

6

A
  1. respiratory rate and visdal volume increase
  2. GFR increases
  3. frequent urination
  4. maternal blood volume increases
  5. nutrient requirements increase
  6. uterus expands
56
Q

What do placental factors do to the rate of delivery and contraction?

A

Specifically placental estrogens and relaxin

increase the speed of contraction and delivery

57
Q

What do fetal factors do to the rate of delivery and contraction?

A

stretch distorts the myometrium and fetal pituitary releases oxytocin

58
Q

Stretch receptors in the myometrium stimulate what?

A

prostaglandin production

59
Q

What does prostaglandin stimulate?

A

increased excitability to myometrium

60
Q

What stimulates the positive feedback loop in labor?

A

oxytocin and prostaglandin

61
Q

What are the three stages of parturition?

A

Dilation stage: amnion breaks
Expulsion stage: Ends in delivery
Placental stage: Afterbirth material is ejected. Loss of blood, compressed by contractions

62
Q

What is the hormone that is released in breastfeeding and what responds to it?

A

oxytocin and tactile receptors

63
Q

What are the 3 important hormomes in postnatal development?

A

GH, adrenal steroids, thyroid hormones

64
Q

What hormones are involved in releasing testosterone?

A

GnRH
FSH
Testosterone

65
Q

Changes in the integumentary during puberty? (what changes in testosterone)

A

terminal hair increases
discrete layer of adipose tissue
sebacous glands = stinky

66
Q

Changes in skeletal during puberty?

A

Epiphyseal cartilages close

67
Q

Changes in the CNS during puberty?

A

increased sex drive and sexual behaviors

68
Q

Changes in circulatory stimulation in puberty?

A

increased EPO

69
Q

changes in respiratory system during puberty?

A

adams apple grows

vocal cords thicken

70
Q

Changes in reproductive system during puberty?

A

glands mature
spermateogensis
seconadary sex characteristics

71
Q

Horomes involved in releasing estrogen?

A

GnRH- FSH-LH-estrogen

72
Q

Whats the difference in the skeletal system with men and women in regards to bone growth in puberty?

A

epiphyseal plates close faster in females

73
Q

Why do females have a higher chance of anemia?

A

loss of blood in menstration

74
Q

Why would there be a drop in plasma cholesterol for women and not men during puberty?

A

cholesterol is used to make estrogen

estrogen increases cholesterol decreases

75
Q

Changes in reproductive organs in women during puberty?

A

myometrium thickens and mammory glands come out

76
Q

What is the genotype for klinefelters?

A

XXY

77
Q

What is the genotype for turners?

A

XO

Physiology Week 4 (5 decks)

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