Review posters 10/05/2016 Flashcards Preview

Posters > Review posters 10/05/2016 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Review posters 10/05/2016 Deck (39)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What does Peak Expiratory Flow measure?

A

How hard and fast the patient can exhale. In diseases with increased airway resistance e.g. asthma, the peak flow will be reduced.

2
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

The forced vital capacity (how much you can breathe out), the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the FEV1/FVC can be calculated from this.

3
Q

What is the equation to work out the percentage in PEFR?

A

Obtained value/Expected value x100

4
Q

Give examples of and describe an obstructive disease

A

Obstructive diseases are due to narrowing of the bronchi/bronchioles. This could be due to inflammation. Examples include asthma, copd, emphysema, bronchiectasis

5
Q

Describe and give examples of a restrictive disease

A

Restrictive disease is characterised by restricted lung expansion. Examples include pulmonary fibrosis.

6
Q

What would the spirometry show for an obstructive disease.

A

Decreased FEV1, normal/decreased FVC.

FEV1/FVC will not be normal even if the FVC has decreased because it will not do so proportionally

7
Q

What would the spirometry for a restrictive disease look like.

A

Both the FEV1 and FVC would be reduced. However the FEV1/FVC ratio will be normal.

8
Q

Di-George syndrome

A
Repeated infections
Muiltiple viral and bacterial infections
Recurrent candidiasis
Facial features suggestive
Decreased T cell count
Hypocalcaemia 
Cardiovascular system is abnormal
9
Q

Pancoast tumour

A

Can invade the brachial plexus and cause muscle wasting in the hand and interrupts sympathetic innervation to the head

10
Q

Graft-versus host disease

A

Recurrent skin rashes and infections
Skin abnormal across whole body
Underlying diagnosis form of SCID

11
Q

Eaton Lambert syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic change
Hyporeflexia
Proximal limb weakness
Reduced autonomic activity

12
Q

Geographic tongue

A

Characterised by red streaks on the tongue. No known cause. Harmless

13
Q

Black hairy tongue

A

Caused by proliferation of chromogenic microorganisms causing brown staining of elongated fusiform papillae.
Cause is unknown by heavy smoking and antiseptic mouth washes are said to be associated.

14
Q

Gingivae swelling

A

Swelling of the gums due to inflammation of fibrosis hyperplasia.
Associated with drugs, pregnancy, wegners granulomatos.

15
Q

Chronic gingivitis

A

Accumalation of bacterial plaque. Resolves when plaque is removed. Common cause of bleeding gums.

16
Q

Acute ulcerative gingivitis

A

Associated with poor oral hygiene. Proliferation of spirocheate and fusiform bacteria.

17
Q

Treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis

A

Oral metronidazole 200mg 3 times daily

18
Q

Glassins

A

Red, smooth sore tongue.
Associated with B12, folate and iron deficiency
Also seen in Candida infections

19
Q

What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation used for?

A

Calculating the pH of buffers.

20
Q

What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?

A

pH= pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]

21
Q

How do you work out pH?

A

-log [H+]

22
Q

How do you work out pKa

A

-log [Ka]

23
Q

What is Ka

A

HA—–> H+ + A-

Ka (acid dissociated constant)= [H+][A-]/[HA]

24
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule?

A

Both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

25
Q

What sort of substances dissolve in water?

A

Polar substances

26
Q

What do amphipathic molecules form in water?

A

Micelles where the hydrophobic end is in the middle surrounded by the hydrophillic ends.

27
Q

Which amino acid is the expection to the configuration?

A

Cystiene

28
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images.

29
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

20 different L amino acids.

30
Q

Recurrent apthous ulcers

A

Could be major or minor

31
Q

Minor recurrent apthous ulcers

A

Less than 10mm in diameter. Usually clear up within 14 days. Have a grey/white centre with a thin erythematous halo.

32
Q

Major recurrent apthous ulcers

A

Greater than 10mm in diameter. Often persist for weeks to months and heal by scarring

33
Q

What diseases can cause ulcers?

A

IBD and coeliacs can cause ulceration. Also HIV and lupus.

34
Q

Cause of recurrent apthous ulcers?

A

Unknown- deficiencies of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 are sometimes present but not usually linked.

35
Q

Treatment of recurrent apthous ulcers?

A

No treatment- avoid acidic foods and drinks

Possible topical corticosteroid or tetracycline mouth wash.

36
Q

Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma)

A

Malignant tumour of the mouth. Can be caused by tobacco or heavy alcohol consumption.

37
Q

Treatment of neoplasia

A

Surgical resection. Often requires dissection of the neck to access the lymph nodes involved.

38
Q

Oral pigmentation lesions

A

Black areas on the gingivae. Can result from dental amalgum sequestering into tissues.

39
Q

Oral white patches

A

Transient white patches either due to Candida infection or are very occasionally seen in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Oral candidiasis is seen in the use of inhaled corticosteroids or antibiotics.