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Flashcards in S1 - Public Health Foundations Deck (35)
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1
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Cardiovascular disease

2
Q

What is the #2 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Cancer

3
Q

What is the #3 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Unintentional injuries

4
Q

What is the #4 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

5
Q

What is the #5 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Stroke

6
Q

What is the #6 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

7
Q

What is the #7 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Diabetes

8
Q

What is the #8 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Pneumonia and influenza

9
Q

What is the #9 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Nephritis, nephrosis, and nephrotic syndrome

10
Q

What is the #10 cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Suicide

11
Q

What is the CEA Winslow definition of public health?

A

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency…
(PrevProlProm)

12
Q

Name a few of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th and 21st centuries.

A
Immunizations
Motor-vehicle safety
Workplace safety
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Infectious disease control
13
Q

Describe Leavell and Clark’s Levels of Prevention (Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).

A

Primordial - Population measures (E.g. legislation)

Primary - Addressing individual risk factors (E.g. proper nutrition)

Secondary - Screenings (E.g. pap smears)

Tertiary - Disease treatment (E.g. a type 1 diabetic receiving insulin administration)

Quaternary - Reducing over-medicalization (E.g. strict opioid administration to prevent unnecessary use)

14
Q

Define incidence rate.

A

The number of new cases of a disease over a certain period of time

15
Q

Define prevalence rate.

A

The number of existing cases within a certain window of time

16
Q

Define social determinants of health.

A

The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national and local levels. The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries (WHO definition).

17
Q

What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?

A

Absolute poverty is defined as living on less than $2 a day and refers to all individuals under this amount globally.

Relative poverty refers to the difference in wealth between an individual and those in their community (E.g. an individual that makes $40,000 per year living near an individual making $200,000 per year is relatively impoverished in comparison).

18
Q

What is the federal poverty level?

A

The recognized U.S. poverty line.

Examples:
< $12,000 per year for individuals
< $16,500 per year for a family of two
(The amount steadily increases with the size of the family)

19
Q

What is the absolute poverty level?

A

Living on less than $2 per day (1 billion individuals are in this bracket worldwide)

20
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

While both are forms of acquired immunity, active immunity refers to immunity in which the individual synthesizes their own antibodies. Passive immunity refers to immunity in which the individual receives pre-synthesized antibodies from an external source.

21
Q

Give an example of active natural immunity.

A

An individual gets exposed to a pathogenic antigen and begins synthesizing their own antibodies.

22
Q

Give an example of active artificial immunity.

A

Vaccination

23
Q

Give an example of passive natural immunity.

A

A mother passing her antibodies (IgA) to her baby through her breast milk

24
Q

Give an example of passive artificial immunity.

A

Lab-synthesized gammaglobulins being administered (E.g. following a hepatitis needle stick or bite by a rabid dog)

25
Q

What are live-attenuated vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations in which the pathogen in question has been weakened but not fully killed before being introduced to the patient (E.g. the Sabin polio or MMR vaccine)

26
Q

What are inactivated (killed) vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations in which the pathogen in question has been killed before being introduced to the patient (E.g. the Salk polio vaccine)

27
Q

What are component vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations in which the only a component of the pathogen in question is introduced to the patient (E.g. the pertussis portion of the DTaP vaccine)

28
Q

Define herd immunity.

A

The resistance of a group to a disease due to the overall immunity of the group (A certain percentage of the population must be vaccinated to prevent infectious disease spread. This percentage depends on the disease in question)

29
Q

Define R0

Pronounced R-naught

A

The number of people one sick individual will infect (On average)

30
Q

Describe innate immunity.

A

Nonspecific mechanisms that protect the body against disease.

Examples: Skin, hair, mucus, macrophages, neutrophils, lysozyme secretions, stomach acidity, etc.

31
Q

Describe acquired immunity.

A

Mechanisms that protect the body against specific, previously encountered antigens.

Examples: B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins

32
Q

T/F The MMR vaccine causes autism?

A

False

Many large, well-designed studies have found no link between MMR and autism.

Autism usually becomes apparent around the same time MMR is given—no evidence of causality.

Autism probably has multiple components, including genetics (e.g., one study found that if one identical twin had autism, the chance that the second twin had autism was greater than 90%, but with fraternal twins the chance was less than 10%).

33
Q

T/F Multiple vaccinations can overwhelm an infant’s immune system, so vaccines should be spread out on a long-term schedule.

A

False

Vaccines use only a tiny proportion of a baby’s immune system’s ability to respond; though children receive more vaccines than in the past, today’s vaccines contain fewer antigens (e.g., sugars and proteins) than previous vaccines. Smallpox vaccine alone contained 200 proteins; the 11 currently recommended
routine vaccines contain fewer than 130 immunologic components.

Delaying vaccines increases the time children will be susceptible to diseases. There is no evidence that spreading out the schedule
decreases the risk of adverse reactions.

34
Q

What is an odds ratio?

A

An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

35
Q

What type of study uses an odds ratio to report its conclusions?

A

A case-control study