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Flashcards in SA neurology Deck (61)
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1
Q

Describe the changes associated with forebrain lesions. (x8)

A

Altered mental status, normal gait, compulsive pacing, circling, reduced postural response, behavioural changes, normal to increased spinal reflexes/ muscular tone, decerebate rigidity

2
Q

In which direction would a dog circle with a forebrain lesion? Why?

A

Towards the lesion - decreased activity on that side!

3
Q

On which side of the body would a dog with a forebrain lesion show postural deficits? What would the deficits be like?

A

Knuckling on the contralateral side to the lesion

4
Q

Describe decerebrate rigidity.

A

No mentation, extended fore and hindlimbs with extended neck

5
Q

Describe decerebellate rigidity.

A

Mentation present, extended neck and forelimbs and flexed hindlimbs

6
Q

Describe the changes associated with cerebellum (x9).

A

Normal mentation, hypermetric gait/ delayed initiation, intention tremors, circling, truncal ataxia, reduced postural responses, normal spinal reflexes/ muscle tone, altered urination, decerebellate rigidity

7
Q

In which direction would a dog circle with a cerebellar lesion? Why?

A

Away from the lesion - increased activity on the lesion side (less inhibition)

8
Q

On which side of the body would a dog with a cerebellar lesion show postural deficits? What would the deficits be like?

A

Ipsilateral side - wide-based stance/ splayed

9
Q

Describe the path of neurones leading to the PLR.

A

Optic to hindbrain to occulomotor nerve

10
Q

Describe the path of neurones leading to the menace.

A

Optic to forebrain to facial

11
Q

What changes may be seen with a lesion of the hindbrain? (x7)

A

Depression/ stupor/ coma, CNS deficits/ vestibular signs, Paresis, decerebrate rigidity, reduced postural response, normal to increased reflexes/ tone, respiratory/ cardiac abnormalities

12
Q

What changes may be seen with a lesion of the vestibular system? (x6)

A

Ipsilateral head tilt, atazia, wide-based stance, nystagmus, tight circling, positional stabismus.

13
Q

What changes would be seen with a neuropathy?

A

Flaccid paresis, reduced reflexes

14
Q

What signs would be seen with an UMN lesion?

A

Ataxia, slow propagation, normal to increased reflexes, normal muscle tone/ bulk

15
Q

What signs would be seen with an LMN lesion?

A

Stiff/ bunny hop gait, normal propagation, reduced reflexes, muscle atrophy/ reduced tone

16
Q

What signs may be seen with a junctionopathy?

A

Exercise intolerance, sensory normal, intact tendon reflexes

17
Q

What signs may be seen with a myopathy?

A

Atrophy/ hypertrophy, normal sensory, generalised/ focal signs

18
Q

What breeds are predisposed to an idiopathic tremor?

A

Small breeds - terriers/ toys - worsening head tremor with stress

19
Q

What treatment is used for an idiopathic tremor syndrome

A

Steroids + other immunosuppressives - may relapse

20
Q

What clinical signs are seen with bacterial meningioencephalitis

A

Pyrexia, obtunded, CN deficits

21
Q

What pressures make up the overall intra-cranial pressure?

A

Brain volume , vascular and CSF pressure

22
Q

An increase in ICP may be characterised by what clinical signs?

A

Changes in mentation, occular (anisocoria, miosis, mydriasis), bradycardia/ hypertension, impaired vestibular eye movements, decerebrate/ cerebellar rigidity, abscent oculocephalic reflex

23
Q

How do you treat an increase in intracranial pressure?

A

Oxygenation, fluid therapy, diuresis (mannitol/ hypertonic saline), assess temperature and blood pressure, general nursing

24
Q

Which breeds are associated with hydrocephalus? How can it be treated?

A

Toy breeds -steroids, furosemide, AEDs, ventriculoperitoneal

25
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hydrocephalus?

A

Domed head, persistent fontanellae, abnormal behaviour, cognitive dysfunction, obtund, circling, seizures, vestibular disease

26
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to lissencephaly?

A

Lhasa apso/ korat cats

27
Q

What metabolic product can cause encephalopathy? What clinical signs are associated?

A

Ammonia (no conversion to urea) - seizure, circling, head pressing, mentation changes. Give lactulose, antibiotics and low protein diet

28
Q

Hypernautraemia can be characterised by what clinical signs?

A

Mentation and seizures - gradually correct levels

29
Q

What neurological signs characterise hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Muscle spasm/ twitching/ cramps
  • Trembling
  • Stiffness
  • Mental depression
  • Tonic-clonic
  • Episodic regidity
  • Tetraparesis
  • Seizures
30
Q

What neurological signs characterise hypercalcaemia?

A
  • Muscle spasm/ twitching/ cramps
  • Trembling
  • Mental depression
  • PUPD
  • Constipation
31
Q

What neurological signs characterise hypoglycaemia?

A

Anxiety, lethargy, PP, tremors, seizures, coma - caused by hepatic dysfunction and insulinoma

32
Q

Laforas disease may be seen in which dog breed?

A

Daschund - causes progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Feed antioxidant rich diets

33
Q

Beta-amyloid plaque accumulation causes what disease?

A

Cognitive dysfunction

34
Q

Define cerebrovascular accident.

A

Rapid loss of brain function due to vascular disturbance, usually ischemia

35
Q

What conditions may predispose dogs to a cerebrovascular accident?

A

Chronic kidney disease, hyperadrenocorticism, hypertension

36
Q

MUO

A

Meningioencephalomyelitis of unknown origin

37
Q

What breeds are predisposed to granulomatous MUO?

A

Young adult toy and terrier breeds

38
Q

What breeds are predisposed to necrotising MUO?

A

Pug, chihuahua, yorkie, ST - treated with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroid/ cytosine

39
Q

What neurological signs may be associated with FIP?

A

Cerebellomedullary signs - paresis/ ataxia, progressive, ocular lesions

40
Q

What nervous structures may be affected by otitis media/ interna?

A

Facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, sympathetic trunk

41
Q

Which parts of the brain may be damaged with a thiamine deficiency?

A

Lateral genticulate nucleus, caudal colliculo, vestibular and facial nucleus

42
Q

What antibiotics may be associated with ventibular toxicity/ ototoxicity?

A

Metronidazole, gentamycin, streptomycin (remember to check tympanic membrane before putting drugs down an ear!!)

43
Q

What is idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Peracute vestibular signs which improve gradually over a few weeks

44
Q

Facial and vestibular neuropathy of unknown origin may be seen in which breed of dog?

A

Cockers

45
Q

What generalised signs may be seen with a neuromuscular disorder?

A

Tetraparesis, exercise intolerance, stiff/ stilted gait, muscular atrophy, altered reflexes, tremors/ fasciculations

46
Q

What is myaesthenia gravis?

A

Immune-mediated attack against acetylcholine receptors leading to AP blockage

47
Q

What is the most prominent clinical outcome of myaesthenia gravis in dogs? How is it managed?

A

Megaoesophagus

48
Q

Why are cats with myaesthenia gravis less likely to suffer with megaoesophagus?

A

They have less smooth muscle in their oesophagus

49
Q

What test is used to diagnose MA?

A

Edrophonium, gold standard = antibody test, electrodiagnostics

50
Q

What treatment options are their for MA?

A

Anticholinesterases (pyridostigmine), immunosuppression, thymectomy, postural feeding

51
Q

What clinical signs are associated with botulism

A

NACh - acute tetraparesis + CN deficits + resp muscle problems. MACh - urinary, GI dysmotility mydriasis, reduced tear production

52
Q

Paraneoplastic myositis may occur as a result of which types of tumour?

A

Thymoma/ lymphoma

53
Q

What parasites can cause myositis?

A

Neospora/ toxoplasma

54
Q

What can lead to an ischemic myelopathies?

A

Fibrocartilagenous embolism of spinal vasculature - leading to per-acute, non-painful weakness +/- proprioceptive deficits and decreased reflexes

55
Q

What breeds are predisposed to ischemic myelopathies?

A

Mini schnauzers, cats

56
Q

SRMA

A

Steroid-responsive meningitis arthritis

57
Q

What breeds are predisposed to SRMA?

A

Young dogs, boxers and beagles - pyrexia, pain, lethargy - steroids/ immunosuppressive

58
Q

What bacterial may cause discospondylitis?

A

Staph intermedius

59
Q

Discospondylitis

A

Discospondylitis is an infection of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc spaces

60
Q

Describe chiari-like malformation.

A

Toxic CSF accumulations (syringomyelia) and dilated central canal (hydromyelia) - NSAIDS, steroids, gabapentic, surgical decompression

61
Q

What is the difference between extrusion and protrusion IVDD?

A

Extrusion the annulus through the spinal cord (dasch) and protrusion in large breed dogs