Session 2 Flashcards Preview

Amars Urinary Cards > Session 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Session 2 Deck (19)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

How many systems does the kidney actually develop from?

Name these systems. What does the regression of one system indicate?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros + mesonephric ducts
Metanephros (definitive kidney).

The regression of one indicates the start of the next.

2
Q

What structures form the embryonic kidney?

When do these structures appear and what is their course?

A

The mesonephros and the mesonephric ducts form the embryonic kidney.
They form at the end of week 4, when the pronephros regresses.
Runs from the upper thoracic region to the lumbar area.
Regresses at the end of week 8.

3
Q

What is the purpose of the pronephros

A

It’s duct - it runs from the cervical region to the cloaca, and it drives the development of the next stage.

4
Q

From where does the ureteric bud sprout from?

A

Sprouts from the mesonephric duct, and induces the development of the definitive kidney.

5
Q

Why is the ureteric bud so important to the development of the true kidney?

A

It’s the ureteric bud that influences the metanephric blastema to become the true kidney. It has an inductive effect. Without this effect, the kidney would not develop as there is no signal for it to develop.

6
Q

From which structure is the collective system derived from?

A

The ureteric bud.
The ureteric bud influences the metanephric blastema to differentiate into the true kidney, and the ureteric bud grows into the blastema, eventually forming the calyces and ureter.

7
Q

Where do the kidneys first appear and how do they come in the region they should lie in?

A

They first are seen tin the pelvic region.

They then come to lie in the correct place due to actual ascension but also due to the elongation of the cranial region.

8
Q

During the ascension of the kidneys, how does the arterial supply change? What is the possible consequence of this?

A

As the kidneys ascend, new arteries are derived from the abdominal aorta. This causes the previous ones to regress such that there is only one renal artery remain per kidney. If the previous arteries don’t regress or if there is a new renal artery created unnecessarily, then the kidney will have polar arteries. These are supernumerary but we fully functioning.

9
Q

What is renal agenesis and how does it occur

A

It is the la k of development of a functioning kidney.
Occurs when the ureteric bud fails to make contact with metanephric blastema, meaning there is no inductive effect for th development of the kidney.

10
Q

What is the difference in a complete and partial splitting of the ureteric bud. What can a complete splitting of the bud lead to?

A

Partial splitting - the two tubes converge into one ureter.

Complete - an ectopic ureteral opening can occur. This is usually into the urethra, vagina or vestibule.

11
Q

What is a Wilms tumour and what age group does this normally affect

A

A cancer of the kidney seen in children around the age of 5.

12
Q

Describe pelvic kidney and horseshoe kidney.

A

Pelvic kidney - umbilical arteries create a fork, which blocks the ascension of one kidney. This remains in the pelvic region whilst the other one ascends as planned.

Horseshoe - the fork created by the umbilical arteries means that the kidneys are forced close together to get past the fork. When they are forced together, the lower poles can fuse together forming a horseshoe shape.

13
Q

Initially, what 3 structures drain into the cloaca ?

A

The reproductive system, the urinary system and the GI system.

14
Q

What structure sits between the urogenital sinus and the anal canal?

A

Urorectal septum.

15
Q

What structure does the Urachus become in the adult

A

Median umbilical ligament

16
Q

How many parts of the urogenital sinus are there and what are they called?
What do each part go on to form?

A

There are 3 parts, these are the:
Bladder portion - forms the bladder
Pelvic portion - forms the prostatic and membranous urethra
Phallic portion - gives rise to the genital tubercle.

17
Q

How can a patent Urachus give rise to urine leaving the umbilicus?

A

The bladder is continuous with the Allantois.
The lumen of the Allantois gets obliterated and forms the Urachus.
The Urachus connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus.
This is the median umbilical ligament, and if this gets recanalised then urine can leave through the umbilicus.

18
Q

Name the 4 regions of the urethra in a male.

A

Pre prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

Spongy portion is the only portion that is derived from the phallic part of the urogenital sinus. The other 3 are the pelvic portion.

19
Q

From which embryonic layer do the kidneys and ureter develop from, and where is this found? Which other structure develops from this?

A

From intermediate mesoderm.
This is found at the urgoenital ridge.
The gonads also develop from here.