Set 6 ANS and Osteology

Question 1

What does the ANS innervate?

Answer 1

involuntary structures: smooth muscle, heart, and glands

Question 2

What cord levels are sympathetic?

Answer 2

T1-L1/L2 (sometimes L3)

Question 3

What is the length of preganglionic sympathetic axons?

Answer 3

short

Question 4

What is the length of postganglionic sympathetic axons?

Answer 4

long

Question 5

What is the preganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?

Answer 5

ACH (acetylcholine)

Question 6

What is the postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

epinepherine or norepinepherine

Question 7

What cord levels are parasympathetic?

Answer 7

S2-S4 (and CNs III, VII, IX, and X) (craniosacral)

Question 8

What is the length of preganglionic parasympathetic axons?

Answer 8

long

Question 9

What is the length of postganglionic parasympathetic axons?

Answer 9

short

Question 10

What is the postganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

Answer 10

ACH

Question 11

What is the preganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

Answer 11

ACH

Question 12

When does ossification begin?

Answer 12

7-8 weeks (embryo)

Question 13

What are the cranial sutures?

Answer 13

coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous

Question 14

What structures are associated with the ethmoid bone?

Answer 14

cribriform plate and crista galli

Question 15

What structures are associated with the maxillary bone?

Answer 15

hard palate, palatine process, and orbital process

Question 16

What structures are associated with the sphenoid bone?

Answer 16

sella turcica, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum

Question 17

What bones make up the orbit?

Answer 17

sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, and maxillary

Question 18

What are the 3 primary ossification centers on a vertebra?

Answer 18

body and 2 vertebral arches (lam/ped)

Question 19

What are the 5 secondary ossification centers on a vertebra?

Answer 19

tip of spinous process, 2 transverse processes, and 2 annular ring epiphyyes

Question 20

What are the 2 additional ossification centers for lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 20

mamillary processes

Question 21

What are the typical ribs?

Answer 21

9-Mar

Question 22

What are the atypical ribs?

Answer 22

1,2,11,12

Question 23

What are the features of the first rib?

Answer 23

shortest rib, costochondral joint with manubrium, scalene tubercle, and subclavian vessels

Question 24

What are the features of the second rib?

Answer 24

thinner, twice as long as 1st rib, and serratus anterior tuberosity

Question 25

What are the features of the eleventh and twelfth ribs?

Answer 25

short, no neck or tubercle, floating, and end capped cartilage

Question 26

What are the features of the manubrium?

Answer 26

jugular notch (suprasternal notch) and angle of Louis (where it meets gladiolus)

Question 27

What are the vertebral levels of the gladiolus?

Answer 27

T5-T9

Question 28

What landmarks are marked by the Xiphoid?

Answer 28

diaphragm, diaphragmatic surface of the liver, and inferior border of the heart

Question 29

name the level in the cervical spine: hyoid bone

Answer 29

C3

Question 30

name the level in the cervical spine: Cornu of thyroid

Answer 30

C4

Question 31

name the level in the cervical spine: body of thyroid

Answer 31

C5

Question 32

name the level in the cervical spine: cricoid cartilage

Answer 32

C6

Question 33

name the level in the cervical spine: carotid tubercle

Answer 33

C6

Question 34

what are the boundaris of the IVF?

Answer 34

pedicle, facets, body, and disc