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Semester 4 - Reproductive System > Shit you should know > Flashcards

Flashcards in Shit you should know Deck (20)
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1
Q

What do mullerian ducts form in the female?

A

the fallopian tubes (oviducts), the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina

2
Q

Where do testes come from embryologically?

A

Seminiferous tubules + rete testis form from gonadal cells in urogenital ridge.

3
Q

How does lower third of the vagina develop?

A

Uterovaginal primordium contacts urogenital sinus walls, forming sinovaginal bulb, forms plate.

4
Q

What are the effects of the Progesterone only pill?

A
  • Thick sticky mucus plug
  • Reduction in number and size of endometrial glands, resulting in thin endometrial lining whihc will not support implantation
5
Q

Symptoms of fibroids

A
  • Dysmenorrhoea
  • Mennorhagia
  • Pelvic pain
  • Frequent urination
  • Constipation
  • Back ache
6
Q

Difference between spermatogenisis and spermiogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis - A1 Spermatogonia -> 256 spermatids

Spermiogenesis - Spermatids grow tail, acrosome, motility, becoming spermatozoa

7
Q

Why is milk not secreted during pregnancy?

A

of alveoli, but not secretion.

There is substantial hypertrophy of the ductular-lobular-alveolar system and prominent lobules form. Alveolar cells differentiate to be capable of milk production from mid gestation.

At birth the levels of Progesterone fall sharply, along with a less sharp fall in Oestrogen. These changes lead to the breast becoming responsive to Prolactin.

8
Q

Four symptoms of PID

A
Menorrhagia
Dysmenorrhoea
Dysuria
Fever
Lower abdominal pain 
Vaginal discharche
9
Q

Conservative treatment for fibroids

A

Watch and wait

Pain relief

10
Q

Causes of bleeding fibroids

A

Distortion of uterine cavity, muscle can no longer clamp down effectively
Twisting, necrosis, bleeding

11
Q

OCP - Side effects?

A

Increased chance of breast cancer

Thromboembolism by insituting pro-thrombotic state

12
Q

Causes of assymetric growth restriction

A

Hypertension

Malnutrition

13
Q

Causes of symmetric growth restriction

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

Anaemia

14
Q

Pregnancy and glucose, four changea

A
Increased insulin resistance (hPL)
Increased appetite (progesterone)
Decreased maternal glucose utilization
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased fasting blood glucose
Increased post meal blood glucose
15
Q

Stages of menopause

A

Pre-menopause
Peri-menopause
Menopause
Post-menopause

16
Q

What type of tissue is prostatic stroma?

A

Fibromuscular

17
Q

Outline the formation of the prostate

A

o Mesonephric ducts (MD) reach the urogenital sinus (UGS)
 Drains Embryonic urine into the cloaca
o Ureteric Bud (UB) Sprouts from MD
 Ureteric bud will become ureter opening into the bladder
o Smooth musculature begins to appear
 Will become the trigone of the bladder
o UGS begins to expand
o UBs and MDs make independent openings in UGS
o Prostate and prostatic urethra formed. MD is maintained in the male, forming the prostate and ducts of the male reproductive system.

18
Q

Outline pre-menopause

A

Pre-Menopause
o > 40 years
o Changes in the menstrual cycle
 Follicular phase shortens, with ovulation early or absent
 Less oestrogen secreted
 Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
 FSH rises more due to loss of Inhibin too
o Reduced fertility, though still possible to get pregnant

19
Q

Outline menopause

A

The Menopause
o Cessation of menstrual cycles
o Average age 49-50, but varies
o Female has run out of follicles
o Oestrogen levels fall dramatically
 Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
 FSH rises dramatically due to loss of Inhibin too

20
Q

Outline changes which occur in menopause

A

Vascular
o Hot flushes affect ~80% to some degree
o Transient rises in skin temperature and flushes
o Relieved by Oestrogen treatment
 So must be due to decrease in oestrogen

Oestrogen Sensitive Tissues
o	Uterus
	Regression of endometrium
	Shrinkage of myometrium
	Shrinks away into a very small organ
o	Thinning of cervix
o	Vaginal rugae lost
	Thinner, less distensible
o	Involution of some breast tissue
o	Changes in skin
o	Reduction in bladder tone
Bone
o	Bone mass reduces by 2.5% per year for several years
o	Increased reabsorption relative to production
o	Osteoporosis
	Much greater in some than others
	Major reason for fractures in later life
	Can be limited by Oestrogen therapy