Sociology and Psychology revision Flashcards
Define Long Term Condition
Condition that cannot, at present be cured, but can be controlled by medication and therapies
Give 4 examples of Long Term Conditions
Diabetes, asthma, CHD, stroke and TIA, COPD, cancer, heart failure, epilepsy
What are some of the impacts that LTCs can have on a person’s life?
Impacts:
• Family life & romantic relationships
• Mental health & emotions (co-morbid depression)
• Self esteem, self-image and identity
• Employment and finances
• Lifestyle and social functioning
What is Psychological Adjustment? and Positive Psychological Adjustment?
Psychological adjustment reflects whether an individual is able to cope effectively with the demands of a changing environment as well as with the stress created by these changes
Adjustments include, family, social, sexual, and internal adjustment
What is Positive Psychological Adjustment?
Positive adjustment focuses on the patients presence of well being and often measures the patients self-esteem, quality of life, the absence of distress, anxiety or depression as indicators of adjustment
What are some interventions used to help with psychological adjustment to a LTC?
CBT approach:
• Cognitions (self efficacy and beliefs)
• Emotions
• Biology (illness course and progression)
• Behaviour (social support, coping strategies)
Social support (emotional, informational, instrumental ie being driven to appointments)
Coping strategies (emotion focused versus problem focused, avoidance versus approach)
Define Learning
A semi permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
What is Classical Conditioning?
Unconditioned Stimulus = food
Unconditioned Response = Salivation
Conditioned Stimulus = Tuning fork (conditioned with food)
Conditioned Response = Salivation to tuning fork
Before conditioning: - Tone > No salivation - Food (UCS) > Salivation (UCR) During conditioning: - Tone (CS) + Food (UCS) > Salivation (UCR) After conditioning: - Tone (CS) > Salivation (CR)
What is acquisition in Classical Conditioning
CS is paired with UCS to establish a strong CR
Fastest: forward trace pairing (CS appears before UCS)
Slower: simultaneous pairing (CS appears with UCS)
Slowest: backward pairing (CS appears after UCS)
What is Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning?
Extinction – if CS is presented repeatedly without UCS, CR will weaken and disappear
Spontaneous discovery – reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period, without new learning trials
What is Generalization and Discrimination in Classical Conditioning
Stimulus generalization – once CR is acquired, organism will respond to other stimuli that are similar to original CS
Discrimination – when a CR occurs to one stimulus, but not to others
What is Higher-Order Conditioning in Classical Conditioning
Higher-order conditioning – a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after paired with another CS (rather than the original UCS)
What is Operant Conditioning?
Operant conditioning: strengthening good outcomes and weakening bad outcomes through reinforcement versus punishment.
Define Positive and Negative reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement= Bringing good things to the animal/person e.g. money, praise, food
Negative Reinforcement= Taking bad things away from the animal/person e.g. removing pain, toothache, hunger
Define Social Learning
Social learning: observational learning and modeling. Repeated behavior depends on observed consequences.