Sociology and Psychology revision Flashcards

1
Q

Define Long Term Condition

A

Condition that cannot, at present be cured, but can be controlled by medication and therapies

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2
Q

Give 4 examples of Long Term Conditions

A

Diabetes, asthma, CHD, stroke and TIA, COPD, cancer, heart failure, epilepsy

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3
Q

What are some of the impacts that LTCs can have on a person’s life?

A

Impacts:
• Family life & romantic relationships
• Mental health & emotions (co-morbid depression)
• Self esteem, self-image and identity
• Employment and finances
• Lifestyle and social functioning

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4
Q

What is Psychological Adjustment? and Positive Psychological Adjustment?

A

Psychological adjustment reflects whether an individual is able to cope effectively with the demands of a changing environment as well as with the stress created by these changes

Adjustments include, family, social, sexual, and internal adjustment

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5
Q

What is Positive Psychological Adjustment?

A

Positive adjustment focuses on the patients presence of well being and often measures the patients self-esteem, quality of life, the absence of distress, anxiety or depression as indicators of adjustment

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6
Q

What are some interventions used to help with psychological adjustment to a LTC?

A

CBT approach:
• Cognitions (self efficacy and beliefs)
• Emotions
• Biology (illness course and progression)
• Behaviour (social support, coping strategies)

Social support (emotional, informational, instrumental ie being driven to appointments)

Coping strategies (emotion focused versus problem focused, avoidance versus approach)

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7
Q

Define Learning

A

A semi permanent change in behavior due to past experience.

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8
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus = food
Unconditioned Response = Salivation
Conditioned Stimulus = Tuning fork (conditioned with food)
Conditioned Response = Salivation to tuning fork

Before conditioning:
 - Tone > No salivation
 - Food (UCS) > Salivation (UCR)
During conditioning:
 - Tone (CS) + Food (UCS) > Salivation (UCR)
After conditioning:
 - Tone (CS) > Salivation (CR)
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9
Q

What is acquisition in Classical Conditioning

A

CS is paired with UCS to establish a strong CR
Fastest: forward trace pairing (CS appears before UCS)
Slower: simultaneous pairing (CS appears with UCS)
Slowest: backward pairing (CS appears after UCS)

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10
Q

What is Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning?

A

Extinction – if CS is presented repeatedly without UCS, CR will weaken and disappear

Spontaneous discovery – reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period, without new learning trials

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11
Q

What is Generalization and Discrimination in Classical Conditioning

A

Stimulus generalization – once CR is acquired, organism will respond to other stimuli that are similar to original CS

Discrimination – when a CR occurs to one stimulus, but not to others

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12
Q

What is Higher-Order Conditioning in Classical Conditioning

A

Higher-order conditioning – a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after paired with another CS (rather than the original UCS)

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13
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning: strengthening good outcomes and weakening bad outcomes through reinforcement versus punishment.

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14
Q

Define Positive and Negative reinforcement

A

Positive Reinforcement= Bringing good things to the animal/person e.g. money, praise, food

Negative Reinforcement= Taking bad things away from the animal/person e.g. removing pain, toothache, hunger

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15
Q

Define Social Learning

A

Social learning: observational learning and modeling. Repeated behavior depends on observed consequences.

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16
Q

What are the differences between Short and Long Term Memory?

A

Short term memory:
• Iconic visual memory & echoic auditory memory-> short term memory. Through rehearsal-> long term memory
• 7+/-2 chunks of information in short term memory
• Interference can be added to short term memory, it can also decay.

Long term memory:
• Unlimited capacity, long duration
• Procedural: habits and skills, implicit
• Declarative: episodic, semantic, explicit
• Structural is low level, phonemic is how it sounds, semantic is what is means (high level)

17
Q

What is the difference between Sensation, Perception, and Attention?

A

Sensation: physical stimulation of the sense organs

Perception: selection, organisation and interpretation of sensory stimuli

Attention: the ability to select some information for more detailed inspection while ignoring other information. Screen out information to pay attention to most relevant information.

18
Q

What is the BioPsychoSocial Model

A

A broad view that attributes disease outcome to the intricate, variable interaction of:

  • biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc),
  • psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.)
  • social factors (cultural, familial, socioeconomic, medical)
19
Q

What is Medicalisation?

A

The process whereby human conditions and problems come to be seen as medical conditions requiring medical interventions (eg additions to DSM-5, ie myalgic encephalitis, IBS not fully explained, diagnosis of exclusion)

20
Q

What is The Sick Role?

A

Rights and responsibilities

  • Rights: not be judged/blamed for condition. Exempt from normal duties. Financial help with diagnosis, support from family/friends.
  • Responsibilities: seek medical help, follow advice to get well as soon as possible
21
Q

What are Social Norms?

A

A sociological concept which Illustrates how social factors can impact upon individuals and shape our behaviour, often in ways of which we are unaware

22
Q

What are some examples of Social Norms?

A

Antibiotic over prescription (doctors do not want to disappoint patients/fear complaints or lose patients)

Mid Staffodshire hospital crisis, poor care became a norm.

23
Q

How can social norms be used as an intervention?

A

By using peer pressure to praise the healthy majority (eg 9/10 people in this school choose not to smoke).

24
Q

How might Gendered Social Norms affect mortality between males and females?

A
  • Males more likely to smoke & use drugs (CHD)
  • Competitive, aggressive, accidents and violence
  • Less likely to notice symptoms and seek help
25
Q

Define Stigma

A

An attribute that is deeply discrediting, reducing the bearer from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one.

26
Q

What are the two types of Stigma?

A

Felt: shame of being associated with stigma and fear of being socially excluded

Enacted: actual rejection, prejudice, and discrimination, e.g. chronic pain, smoking

27
Q

What is a Narrative Construction?

A

Stories we tell about our lives or biographies in order to make sense of our lives and give them meaning. These stories try to answer “who am I?” and “what is my life about?”.
They shape our identities and give our life meaning

28
Q

What is Biographical Disruption?

A

The ways in which people’s lives become profoundly disrupted by trauma, chronic illness or injury.

Not only a person’s physical body is disrupted but the narrative construction/stories are disrupted.

Sense of self/identity is changed.

29
Q

What is Narrative Reconstruction

A

Need to tell new stories to bring coherence and meaning back to our lives

Explain injury/illness/trauma, why is happened and determine responsibility

Spirituality and religion is often explored.

30
Q

What is the Medical Model of disability?

A
The problem is the disabled person:
•	Confined to a wheelchair, can’t get up the steps
•	Needs help and carers
•	Can’t walk, can’t use hands
•	They are the ones who are sick 
•	Pathology and body impairment
•	Ability and participation
•	Assess activities of daily living
31
Q

What is the Social Model of disability?

A
The problem is the disabling world:
•	People aren’t defined by their disability, it is the societies barriers that make them so
•	Prejudiced attitudes
•	Poor job prospects
•	Segregated education
•	Inaccessible transport
•	No lifts, stairs not ramps
•	Few sign language interpreters
•	Poverty and low incomes
32
Q

What is a Social Construction?

A

Something invented or constructed by people in particular culture or society