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Flashcards in Sources - The Amphitheatre Deck (40)
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1
Q

Like sporting events in many ancient cultures, Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a ___________ event, possibly as funerary games to honour the _________

A

Religious

Dead

2
Q

The Roman historian _________ wrote about the first known gladiatorial games, held in 310BC by the Campanians. The first Roman gladiatorial games were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus Brutus in honour of their father, as a ‘_________’ or funeral gift for the ________

A

Livy
Munus
Dead

3
Q

Gladiators were trained at special __________ originally owned by private ___________, but later taken over by ____________ state to prevent the build of a private _______

A

Schools
Citizens
Imperial
Army

4
Q

Gladiators trained like true ___________ . They received medical attention and 3 ________ a day

A

Athletes

Meals

5
Q

Gladiator training included learning how to use various weapons, including:

A
The war chain
Net
Trident
Dagger
Lasso
6
Q

Each gladiator was allowed to fight in the __________ and with the ___________ that best suited him.

A

Armour

Weapons

7
Q

Gladiators wore armour, though not Roman military armour. Why not?

A

Because this would send out the wrong political signal

8
Q

Which weapons did Gladiators use rather than that of the Roman military ?

A

Those of non-Roman people, playing the role of Rome’s enemies

9
Q

What were the 3 different types of gladiator

A

Thracian
Samnite
Retatius

10
Q

A Thracian - wore an ________ (a leather or metal ______ guard) on both ________, carried on a small square __________.

A

Ocrea
Leg
Legs
Shield

11
Q

What were 2 features of a Thracian helmet

A

They wore a full visored helmet with a wide brim

12
Q

A Thracian carried a ___________ Thracian sword with an angled bend in the blade

A

Curved

13
Q

A Secutor - took his name from the term for ‘____________’ and fought virtually _________ and _________, carrying a large oval or rectangular __________and a sword or a dagger, wearing an ___________ on the left leg, ____________ bands at the elbow and __________ (manicae) and a round or high-___________ helmet

A
Pursuer
Bald and Naked
Shield
Ocrea
Wrists
High-visored
14
Q

A Retarius symbolised the ______________ and wore only a _________ _________ (subligaculum) and a metal ___________-piece (galerus) on the left arm, and carried a ______ (iaculum), a dagger, and a trident or tunny-fish harpoon (fascina). One variation on the Retarius was the Laquearii who carried a ________ instead of a ________

A
Fisherman
Loin Cloth
Shoulder
Net
Lassoo
Net
15
Q

Gladiators were _________ each time they fought. If a gladiator survived three to five years of combat they would be __________

A

Paid

Freed

16
Q

Gladiators fought in ____________, the most famous of which was the ______________ in Rome

A

Arenas

Colosseum

17
Q

When one of the opponents in a contest was wounded, the crowd would typically shout ‘_________, ______ _________ which translates as ____ ______ _____ ___

A

Habet, hoc habet

He has had it

18
Q

What would an opponent who thought he was defeated do as a request for mercy

A

Raise his left hand with one finger extended

19
Q

When an opponent begged for mercy, if the decision was for death, what would that defeated opponent do

A

Grasp the thigh of his conqueror

20
Q

How would the conqueror slay the loser

A

By stabbing him in the neck with a sword

21
Q

The dead body would be removed by costumed attendants, one dressed as the ferry man _________, and the other as ___________. ___________ struck the dead body with a hammer and ___________ poked the body with a hot iron disguised as his _________ to assure that the loser was __________

A
Charon
Mercury
Charon
Mercury
Wand
Dead
22
Q

The winner would receive a symbol of their victory. What could this be?

A

A golden bowl
A crown
A gold coin
A pal leaf symbolising victory

23
Q

In ancient Rome, gladiators could earn the idolized status of a ________, like many modern athletes

A

Hero

24
Q

Even though a gladiator’s social status was barely better than a __________, many Roman citizen, knights and even ______________ fought in the gladiatorial arena because of their love of the sport and their desire for adoration

A

Slave

Emperors

25
Q

The emperor _____________ boasted that he himself had fought in over 1,000 gladiatorial duels

A

Commudus

26
Q

There is evidence that Roman ___________ especially idolized ______________, sometimes to the dismay of their _____________

A

Women
Gladiators
Husband

27
Q

Juvenal wrote about __________, a senators wife who is said to have thought so highly of ______________ that she preferred them to her ____________, ___________, ___________ and ____________

A
Eppia
Gladiators
Children
Sister
Husband
Country
28
Q

Another form of gladiatorial combat involved the ‘__________’ and slaying of ________ _____________ called the _____________, or hunt. These hunts were held in the ____________ before the main duels

A

Hunting
Wild animals
Venatio
Morning

29
Q

Exotic wild beasts from the far reaches of the __________ __________ were brought to Rome and hunts were held in the morning prior to the afternoon main event of ______________ duels

A

Roman empire

Gladiatorial

30
Q

During the Venatio:
Special precautions were taken to prevent the animals from _____________ such as the erection of ____________ and digging of ___________

A

Escaping
Barriers
Ditches

31
Q

Very few animals survived the hunts but sometimes they did defeat the hunter of wild beast (____________) or even __________. Thousands of wild animals would be ______________ in one day. E.g at the games Trajan held when he became emperor, over 9,000 animals were killed

A

Bestiarius
Escape
Slaughtered

32
Q

Not all the animals were _____________ though most were

A

Ferocious

33
Q

Which animals appeared in the _____________?

A
Venatio
Lions
Elephants
Bears
Deer
Wild goats
Dogs
Camels
34
Q

Some animals were ferocious were trained and did what instead of fight?

A

Performed tricks

35
Q

Those who did battle with the animals, the bestiarii, were usually ______________ and would have to fight the animals without __________ and __________. These were the ___________ class of participants in the games

A

Criminals
Weapons and armour
Lowest

36
Q

Following the venatio (beast hunts) in the order of daily events were the ‘______________’

A

Humiliores

37
Q

What were the humiliores

A

The execution of Roman citizens of lower status

38
Q

Usual forms of execution included what?

A

Burning at the stake
Crucifixion
Ad bestias

39
Q

What was Ad Bestias

A

When the prisoner was left alone in the ring with one or more wild animals

40
Q

What did most respectable men and women do during the humiliores

A

They would go for lunch rather than staying to watch