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Flashcards in Spinal 1 Study Questions Deck (42)
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1
Q

what is osteology?

A

The study of bone

2
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

3
Q

What is the function of an osteoblast?

A

to form bone

4
Q

What is the function of an osteocyte?

A

To maintain or nurture bone

5
Q

What is the function of an osteoclast?

A

to remodel bone

6
Q

What are the bone cell embedded in?

A

An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

7
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

8
Q

What type of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid

9
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type 1

10
Q

What the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions

11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification

A

From the second to third month in utero

12
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

13
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

Sodium, magnesium, fluride, lead, strontium, and radium

14
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

15
Q

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?

A
  1. It has the ability to heal
  2. To remodel under stressors
  3. To age
16
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

Mesenchyme or cartilage

17
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

18
Q

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temportal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

19
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

20
Q

Which bones of the facial skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible

21
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

22
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

From the second to fifth month in utero

23
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

24
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

The inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

25
Q

What bones of the facial skeleton are derived from cartilage?

A

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

26
Q

Which bones are of the nuerocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the ethmoid, parts of sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

27
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

28
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle

29
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary center: ossification appear before birth

secondary center: ossification appears after birth

30
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

31
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

Subchondral bone

32
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

33
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

34
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?

A

Epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissue

35
Q

*What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A
  1. Sexual dimorphism (gender variation)
  2. Ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation)
  3. geographic or population-based (ethnic variation)
  4. Idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
36
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

37
Q

Differences in the number of morphology of vertebrae within the population of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ontogentic variation

38
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Geographic variation or population based variation

39
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

Idiosyncratic variation

40
Q

*What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, paranasal sinus/pneumatic bone and sesamoid bone

41
Q

*What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?

A

Heterotopic and accessory bone

42
Q

*What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

Heterotopic bone