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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Thoracic or Dorsal Region > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Thoracic or Dorsal Region Flashcards

1
Q

Which thoracic segments are considered the typical throacics?

A

T2-T8 segments

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2
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process

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3
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic form superior view?

A

triangular

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4
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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5
Q

What is the aortic impression?

A

the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side

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6
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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7
Q

What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one or two millimeters

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8
Q

What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?

A

the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights

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9
Q

What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

the vertebral body height differences

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10
Q

In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?

A

posterior

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11
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

a kyphotic curve

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12
Q

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis,
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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13
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

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14
Q

How many symphesis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

two

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15
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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16
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?

A

costocentral joint

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17
Q

How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

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18
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets

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19
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

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20
Q

What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?

A

the costocentral joint or ribs

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21
Q

What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

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22
Q

What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface

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23
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?

A

the longus colli

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24
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

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25
Q

What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?

A

ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane

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26
Q

Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

the lateral view

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27
Q

Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

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28
Q

What is the nerve - vertebral relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the nerve is the same as the number of the upper thoracic in the vertebral couple

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29
Q

What is the rib - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the rib is the same as the number of the lower thoracic in the vertebral couple

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30
Q

What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

shingling

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31
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?

A

oval to circular

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32
Q

In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter

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33
Q

What is the direction of the transverse process in the typical thoracics?

A

the transverse process projects more posterior with each inferior vertebra

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34
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse tubercle

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35
Q

What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?

A

from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior

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36
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse costal facet

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37
Q

What is the rib - transverse process relationship for the typical thoracics?

A

the number of the rib is the same as the number of the vertebra whose transverse process is being studied; fifth rib with T5 transverse process

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38
Q

What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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39
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

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40
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

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41
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to rib ___?

A

five

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42
Q

The inferior costotransverse ligament of the the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib___?

A

five

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43
Q

The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib ____?

A

five

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44
Q

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A 
intertransverse, 
capsular costotransverse,
superior costotransverse,
inferior costotransverse, and 
lateral costotransverse ligaments
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45
Q

Which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligamens?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

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46
Q

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A 
longissimus thoracis,
longissimus cervicis,
longissimus capitis,
semispinalis thoracis,
semispinalis cervicis,
semispinalis capitis,
multifidis,
rotator longus,
rotator brevis,
intertransversarii,
levator costarum longus, and 
levator costarum brevis
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47
Q

Of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics, which ones will attach only to the T5-T8 vertebral segments?

A

semispinalis thoracis and levator costarum longus

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48
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

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49
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

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50
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

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51
Q

What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

about ten to twenty degrees from the coronal plane; sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

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52
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

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53
Q

What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they are slightly convex

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54
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they are slightly concave

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55
Q

What is the joint classification of the articular facet joint?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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56
Q

How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?

A

ten

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57
Q

Identify the synovial surfaces present on a typical thoracic?

A 
two superior costal demi-facets,
two inferior costal demi-facets,
two transverse costal facets,
two superior articular facets,
two inferior articular facets
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58
Q

What is the pars interarticularis?

A

the region between the superior and inferior articular processes

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59
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?

A

imbrication

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60
Q

Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracicis?

A

T5-T8

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61
Q

Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?

A

T8

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62
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?

A

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane

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63
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?

A

the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

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64
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

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65
Q

What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

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66
Q

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi,rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior,
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis,
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis,
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

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67
Q

Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?

A

splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, and interspinalis

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68
Q

What joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis,
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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69
Q

The fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint will occur at what parts of a typical thoracic vertebra?

A

vertebral body, lamina, transverse process, and spinous process

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70
Q

At what part(s) of a typical thoracic vertebra will the synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint be observed?

A

vertebral body, transverse process, articular process

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71
Q

What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin

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72
Q

What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?

A

uncinate processes

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73
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals

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74
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

four normally

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75
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?

A

two

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76
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the rib articulation is included)

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77
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)

78
Q

How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

four

79
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

the right and left inferior costal demi-facet

80
Q

What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the eighth cervical nerve?

A

the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib

81
Q

What ligaments supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?

A

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament

82
Q

What ligaments support the costocentral joint of the second rib?

A

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

83
Q

The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1

84
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?

A

the longus colli

85
Q

Which spinal nerve - vertebral notch or incisure combination is present at T1?

A

C8 spinal nerve - the superior vertebral notch or incisure of T1
T1 spinal nerve - the inferior vertebral notch or incisure of T1

86
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

87
Q

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament

88
Q

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse

89
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?

A

the second rib costotransverse joint

90
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis,
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis,
multifidis,
rotator longus, rotator brevis,
intertransversarii, and
levator cotarum brevis

91
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

92
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?

A

the face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

93
Q

What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of T1?

A

they are slightly convex

94
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of T1?

A

they are slightly concave

95
Q

How many synovial joints are present at T1?

A

ten

96
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present at T1?

A

six

97
Q

What name is used to identify the topographical landmark at the base of the neck?

A

vertebral prominence

98
Q

Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6, C7, T1

99
Q

What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?

A

males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence

100
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior,
splenius capitis,
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis,
semispinalis thoracis,
multifidis,
rotator longus, rotator brevis,
interspinalis

101
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T9?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

102
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

103
Q

How many costocentral joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?

A

four

104
Q

Which synovial joint surface may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

105
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?

A

the transverse costal facet

106
Q

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T9?

A

intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costoransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

107
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T9 support?

A

the tenth rib costotransverse joint

108
Q

Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?

A 
the longissimus thoracis,
spinalis thoracis, 
multifidis,
rotator longus, rotator brevis,
intertransversarii,
levator costarum longus, and levator costarum bravis
109
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?

A

six

110
Q

Which rib related facet may be absent on T9?

A

the inferior costal demi-facet

111
Q

Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?

A

T9

112
Q

What is the length of the spinous process of T9?

A

it will shorten significantly from the long spinous process of T8

113
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi,
multifidis,
rotator longus, rotator brevis, and
interspinalis

114
Q

Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?

A

spinalis and semispinalis

115
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

116
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

117
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

118
Q

How many costocentral joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

119
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

120
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

121
Q

What is the rib - vertebral body combination is typically present at the intervertebral foramen for the tenth thoracic nerve?

A

the superior costal facet of T11 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the eleventh rib

122
Q

Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?

A

T10

123
Q

What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?

A

the transverse costal facet

124
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of T10 will attach to which rib?

A

the eleventh rib

125
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?

A

longissimus thoracis,
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis,
intertransversarii, levator costarum longus, and levator costarum brevis

126
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?

A

eight

127
Q

Which rib related facet is absent on T10?

A

the inferior costal demi-facet

128
Q

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

A

T10

129
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

130
Q

What name is given to T11?

A

the anticlinal vertebra

131
Q

Which vertebral segment is the first to have a reniform vertebral body?

A

T11

132
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

two

133
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

134
Q

What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?

A

the transverse costal facet

135
Q

Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?

A

T10

136
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?

A

the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

137
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?

A

the twelfth rib costotransverse joint

138
Q

The inferior costotransverse ligament of T11 will attach to which rib?

A

the eleventh rib

139
Q

The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T11 attaches to which rib?

A

the eleventh rib

140
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?

A

capsular costotransverse ligament

141
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?

A

longissimus thoracis,
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis,
intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

142
Q

Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?

A

levator costarum longus

143
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

144
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

145
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMed)

146
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?

A

six

147
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present at T11.

A

two superior costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets

148
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

149
Q

At which segments of the thoracic spine will the spinalis muscle not attach?

A

T9, T10

150
Q

Which erector spinae muscle uniquely attaches to teh spinous process of T11?

A

iliocostalis lumborum

151
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

152
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

153
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

four are typically identified (as many as six if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

154
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

155
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

156
Q

What is present at the transverse process region of T12?

A

three tubercles of variable size

157
Q

Which tubercle of T12 represents the transverse process?

A

the lateral tubercle

158
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?

A

the superior tubercle

159
Q

Which tubercle of T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?

A

the inferior tubercle

160
Q

What ligaments form the costotransvere joint of the twelfth rib?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

161
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?

A

none; the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment of T12

162
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?

A

the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and intertransversarii

163
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?

A

T11

164
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?

A

T10

165
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T12?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

166
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they face forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)

167
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they are significantly convex

168
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?

A

six

169
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T12.

A

two superior costal facets,
two superior articular facets,
two inferior articular facets

170
Q

What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T12?

A

lumbar-like, similar in length to T11

171
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments are said to be present

172
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

173
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?

A

iliocostalis lumborum

174
Q

Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?

A

interspinalis

175
Q

What joint classifications are present at T12?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis,
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and
synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joint

176
Q

Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?

A

longus colli, psoas major, and psoas minor

177
Q

Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?

A

T1-T3, T12

178
Q

Which erector spinae muscle will attach along the length of the thoracic spine?

A

longissimus

179
Q

Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate an attachment at the transverse process for the semispinalis muscle group?

A

T12

180
Q

Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?

A

T1

181
Q

Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?

A

T11

182
Q

Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?

A

T7

183
Q

Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

184
Q

Rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?

A

T1 only

185
Q

Rhomboid major will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?

A

T2-T5

186
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serratus posterior superior?

A

T1-T3

187
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serratus posterior inferior?

A

T11-T12

188
Q

Which thoracics demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the splenius muscles?

A

T1-T6

189
Q

Which thoracis demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

T11-T12

190
Q

Which thoracics lack any spinalis muscle group attachment on their spinous process?

A

T9-T10

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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