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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 2: Section VIII. Curvatures of the Vert. Column > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 2: Section VIII. Curvatures of the Vert. Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral

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2
Q

What is the direction of the primary curve of the vertebral column?

A

posterior

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3
Q

Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?

A

it is the first curve to appear embryologically

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4
Q

What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?

A

the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve

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5
Q

What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?

A

anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve

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6
Q

What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?

A

cervical curve and lumbar curve

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7
Q

What segmental levels form the cervical curve?

A

C2-T1

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8
Q

What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?

A

T12 to L5

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9
Q

What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve?

A

the third fetal month

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10
Q

What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?

A

during the last trimester in utero

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11
Q

What is the time during which the “adult” cervical curve is said to appear?

A

within the first year after birth

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12
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A
  1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
  2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
  3. the head is held upright
  4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
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13
Q

At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?

A

usually between the third and fourth month after birth

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14
Q

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

A

the righting reflex

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15
Q

What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?

A

typically between C4 and C5

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16
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

between occiput and C1

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17
Q

What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?

A

cervical kyphosis

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18
Q

What is the vertebral relationships between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?

A

cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1

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19
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?

A

between 12 and 18 months after birth

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20
Q

What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

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21
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A
  1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
  3. intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  4. walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
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22
Q

What happens within the intervertebral disc to facilitate the lumbar curve development?

A

the nucleus pulposus of L4 will shift its position within the annulus fibrosis

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23
Q

Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walking?

A

vision

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24
Q

What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?

A

females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve

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25
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?

A

lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12

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26
Q

What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?

A

faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness

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27
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lateral curve?

A

they appear after 6 years old

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28
Q

What locations of lateral curves are recognized?

A

cervical, thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar

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29
Q

Which lateral curves are best developed?

A

thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar

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30
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

a right-handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

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31
Q

What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?

A

about 80% of the population demonstrates this

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32
Q

What does the suffix “osis” mean?

A

a condition

33
Q

Does “osis” infer a normal or an abnormal condition?

A

neither, it is non-judgemental

34
Q

What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

35
Q

What is the definition of lordosis?

A

a forward bending condition

36
Q

What is the definition of kyphosis?

A

a humpback or hunchback condition

37
Q

What is the definition of scoliosis?

A

a warped or crooked condition

38
Q

What is the direction of the curve deviation in scoliosis?

A

to the side (it is a lateral curve deviation)

39
Q

Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of lordosis?

A

no, there would be:

  • an increase in the anterior direction in the cervical spine,
  • a decrease in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine,
  • an increase in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine, and
  • a decrease in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
40
Q

Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of kyphosis?

A

no, there would be:

  • a decrease in the anterior direction in the cervical spine,
  • an increase in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine,
  • a decrease in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine, and
  • an increase in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
41
Q

What clinical abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column were stressed in class?

A

military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback

42
Q

What is military neck?

A

a decreased anterior curve in the cervical region, a straight neck

43
Q

What is humpback or hunchback?

A

an increased posterior curve in the thoracic region

44
Q

What is swayback?

A

an increased anterior curve in the lumbar region

45
Q

What is a classic classification of military neck?

A

a kyphosis

46
Q

What is classic classification of humpback or hunchback?

A

a kyphosis

47
Q

What is classic classification of swayback?

A

a lordosis

48
Q

What does the use of the term lordotic try to imply?

A

a normal cervical and normal lumbar anterior curve

49
Q

What does the use of the term kyphotic try to imply?

A

a normal thoracic or dorsal and normal pelvic or sacrococcygeal posterior curve

50
Q

What prefixes are used to convey abnormality in curve patterns?

A

hyper and hypo

51
Q

What does the term hyperlordotic infer?

A

an increase in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region

52
Q

What does the term hypolordotic infer?

A

a decrease in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region

53
Q

What does the term hyperkyphotic infer?

A

an increase in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region

54
Q

What does the term hypokyphotic infer?

A

a decrease in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region

55
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

56
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

57
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve

58
Q

What is the more complete, accepted definition of scoliosis?

A

an abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation

59
Q

What is the radiological test for skeletal maturity?

A

the Risser sign, an indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis

60
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, location, direction etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis

61
Q

What does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?

A

the length and angle of the curve deviation on x-ray

62
Q

What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?

A

the Cobb Method

63
Q

What does location of scoliosis infer?

A

the location of the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation

64
Q

What does direction of scoliosis refer to?

A

the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward

65
Q

What does etiology of scoliosis mean?

A

the cause of the scoliosis

66
Q

What is structural scoliosis?

A

a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation

67
Q

What is nonstructural scoliosis?

A

a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation

68
Q

What is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?

A

idiopathic scoliosis

69
Q

What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?

A

the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology

70
Q

What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?

A

1% to 4% of the population

71
Q

Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?

A

infantile, juvenile, and adolescent

72
Q

What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

from birth to 3 years old

73
Q

What is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

from 3 years old to 10 years old

74
Q

What is the age range of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

over 10 years old

75
Q

Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence

76
Q

Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.

A

right thoracic, females over 6 years old, and 12% - 21% incidence

77
Q

Identify curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumber, females, and 80% incidence

78
Q

What is the genetic factor associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

an autosomal dominant factor that runs in families

79
Q

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?

A

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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