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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Final Exam: Section XI. Arthology of Vertebral Column----IVD > Flashcards

Spinal Final Exam: Section XI. Arthology of Vertebral Column----IVD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis, and they occur b/w bones developing by endochondral ossification

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2
Q

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints

A
  1. articular or fibrous capsule
  2. synovial membrane
  3. articular cartilage
  4. synovial fluid
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3
Q

What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?

A
  1. articular synovial membrane
  2. vaginal synovial membrane
  3. bursal synovial membrane
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4
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A
  1. synovial villi
  2. articular fat pads or Haversian glands
  3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
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5
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the verterbral column?

A

lumbar zygapophyses

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6
Q

Synovial mensici are a feature of what joint examples?

A

femur-tibia articulation,
cervical zygapophyses, and
lumbar zygapophyses

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7
Q

What are the specific functions of Type A synovial cells?

Type B?

A

are phagocytic

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

form a network for water retention

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9
Q

Cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as___________.

A

deformation

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10
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

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11
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

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12
Q

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty

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13
Q

Synovial fluid consists of what specific chemical groups?

A

fats, salts, albumins, and hyaluronate

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14
Q

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

hyaluronate

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15
Q

Which substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

lubricin

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16
Q

What are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/C3 to L4/L5

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17
Q

Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column.

A

the 9 common ligaments are the:

  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • intervertebral disc
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • capsular ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum nuchae,
  • supraspinous ligament
  • intertransverse ligament
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18
Q

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

A

eight

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19
Q

What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adults?

A

23

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20
Q

In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

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21
Q

What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?

A

fibrocartilage

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22
Q

What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

A

the nucleus pulposus will lose water under deformation conditions

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23
Q

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?

A

notochord cells

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24
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

A

collagen type II

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25
Q

What is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus?

A

they are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

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26
Q

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

it lacks any lamellar or layered organization

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27
Q

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin

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28
Q

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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29
Q

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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30
Q

Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse, or protrusion?

A

the posterior margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligament is also less developed

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31
Q

What is the consequences of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

the annulus fibrosis will retain water under deformation conditions

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32
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen type I

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33
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

A

they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled

34
Q

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

A

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed

35
Q

What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

they average 50 to 60 degrees

36
Q

What cell type is associated with the annulus fibrosus?

A

fibroblast and fibrocyte

37
Q

What is the thickest part of the cartilage end plate?

A

around the periphery

38
Q

What is the thinnest part of the cartilage end plate?

A

the central part, over the nucleus pulposus

39
Q

What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?

A

the type II collagen fiber

40
Q

What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?

A

collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior

41
Q

What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?

A

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

42
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus

43
Q

What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?

A

nociceptors and proprioceptors

44
Q

What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?

A

the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

45
Q

What is the proposed function of the receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?

A

they provide feedback during extension

46
Q

What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve recurrent meningeal nerve)
  • fibers from the ventral primary ramus
  • fibers from the white ramus communicans
  • fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
  • fibers from the gray ramus communicans
47
Q

What is the Latin term for joint?

A

arthron

48
Q

What is the study of joints called?

A

arthology

49
Q

What is the Latin term for a “tightly bonded together condition”?

A

syndesmosis

50
Q

What material was responsible for the “tightly bonded together condition” in the joint?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue, a ligament

51
Q

What protein fiber is the dense connective primarily composed of?

A

collagen fibers which give it a whitish color

52
Q

Besides collagen, what other proteins are ligaments composed of?

A

elastin fibers which can give a yellowish tinge to the ligement

53
Q

What are examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?

A

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

54
Q

What are examples of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments?

A

intracapsular ligaments: cruciate ligaments of the knee

extracapsular ligaments: collateral ligaments of the knee

55
Q

What is the generic function of ligaments?

A

stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint

56
Q

What are the common characteristics of type I articular receptors?

A
  • located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule,
  • resemble Ruffini endings,
  • most numerous in cervical zygapophyses, and
  • they monitor the joint “at rest”
57
Q

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

A
  • located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule,
  • resemble Pacinian corpuscles,
  • most numerous in the cervical spine, and
  • monitor joint during normal range of motion
58
Q

What is the location of type III articular receptors?

A

collateral and intrinsic ligaments of many joints,

they were not though to be present along vertebral column

59
Q

What is the function of type III articular receptors?

A

they monitor the joint during extreme motion or beyond normal range of motion

60
Q

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

A
  • present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments,
  • resemble Golgi tendon organs,
  • not initially observed along vertebral column, and
  • monitor extreme joint motion
61
Q

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

A

nociceptive, they monitor pain

62
Q

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels

63
Q

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

64
Q

Type IV articular receptors are absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

A

synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

65
Q

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?

A

most zygapophyseal of the vertebral column

  • intercarpal, carpomentacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints of the hand
  • intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints of the foot
66
Q

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

A

humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes; temporomandibular joint*

67
Q

Diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ____ joints based on action.

A

synovial hinge

68
Q

Diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called ___ joints based on action.

A

synovial pivot

69
Q

What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

A

median atlanto-axial joint* and proximal radio-ulnar joint

70
Q

What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?

A

an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring

71
Q

What is a common name for the diarthrosis sellar joint?

A

synovial saddle joint

72
Q

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint?

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

73
Q

What is an examples of modified synovial saddle/diarthrosis sellar joint?

A

the joint of Luschka in the cervical spine

74
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

A

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

75
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

A
  • radiocarpal joint of the wrist,
  • metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand,
  • metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot, and
  • the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
76
Q

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

A

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

77
Q

What is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?

A
  • the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the IVD
  • the PLL
  • dura mater
  • vessels and CT of epidural space
78
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the IVD?

A
  • fibers from the ventral primary ramus,
  • fibers from the white ramus communicans,
  • fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans,
  • fibers from the gray ramus communicans
79
Q

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

A

the paradiscal ramus communicans

80
Q

How does the IVD help shape the spine?

A

the anterior height is greater than the posterior height in the cervical and lumbar regions thus creating a lordotic or anterior curve

81
Q

What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal cavity pressure and IVD response to weight bearing?

A

increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the IVD needs to generate by up to 50%

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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