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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Final: Sec. XV: The Scalp, Face, Orbit > Flashcards

Spinal Final: Sec. XV: The Scalp, Face, Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

A

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum…SCALP

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2
Q

What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?

A

internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

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3
Q

What veins drain the scalp?

A

superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital, and ophthalmic veins

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4
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

A

all 3 divisions; ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve

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5
Q

What part of the scalp is innervated by the ophthalmic division/branch of the trigeminal?

A

scalp above the orbit

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6
Q

What part of the scalp is innervated by the maxillary division/branch of the trigeminal?

A

scalp above the zygomatic arch

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7
Q

What part of the scalp is innervated by the mandibular divison/branch of the trigeminal?

A

scalp above and behind the ear

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8
Q

Which ventral rami nerve(s) and cord levels of origin supply the scalp?

A

greater auricular nerve - C2, C3 ventral rami branches;

lesser occipital nerve - C2 (C3) ventral rami branches

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9
Q

Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?

A

greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus

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10
Q

What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?

A

muscular component of the scalp

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11
Q

The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected y what structure?

A

galea aponeurotica

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12
Q

What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?

A

facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches

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13
Q

What is unusual/unique about the muscles of the face?

A

they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion

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14
Q

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

A

procerus, risorius, orbicularis oris

“PRO”

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15
Q

What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?

A

the skeletal muscle is derived from the branchial arches hence branchial efferent

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16
Q

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

A

the stylomastoid foramen

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17
Q

What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nerve branches

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18
Q

Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?

A

muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric

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19
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent (SA) pathways?

A

all three

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20
Q

What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?

A

convergence of the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure

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21
Q

What are the contents of the optic canal?

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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22
Q

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

A

lamina papyracea

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23
Q

What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

What opening accommodates the passage of the ophthalmic nerve and ophthalmic veins between the orbit and cranial vault?

A

superior orbital fissure

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25
Q

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

Identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit.

A

superior wall: optic canal
medial wall: anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina
lateral wall: superior orbital fissure
inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure

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27
Q

What are the layers of the eyelid?

A

skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus and palpebral conjunctiva

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28
Q

What are the names given to the modified sebacceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

A

tarsal or Meibomian gland

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29
Q

What is the function of the Meibomian gland?

A

produces a thick, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid

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30
Q

What is the name of the gland at the base of the eyelash?

A

ciliary gland

31
Q

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?

A

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

32
Q

What is the name of the mucous membrane attaching to the eyeball?

A

bulbar conjunctiva

33
Q

What is the name given to the sac formed between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?

A

the superior or inferior fornix

34
Q

Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways innervate what structures?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues

35
Q

What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervation?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways

36
Q

How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent pathways from CNS to target cell?

A

two motor neurons

37
Q

What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?

A

typically, a ganglion

38
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

A

facial and trigeminal (maxillary and ophthalmic divisions/branches)

39
Q

What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion

40
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen

41
Q

Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?

A

the superior cervical ganglion

42
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen

43
Q

What cells of the lacrimal gland will cause the product to be released from the secretory unit?

A

myoepithelial cells

44
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen;
constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into the duct system

45
Q

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

A

fibrous tunic, uveal tract, and retina

46
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

A

cornea and sclera

47
Q

What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid, and pupil

48
Q

What muscles are present in the iris?

A

sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

49
Q

What is the innervation of the sphincter pupillae?

A

oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway

50
Q

What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?

A

oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway

51
Q

What is the function of the rod cell?

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

52
Q

What is the function of the cone cell?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

53
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

axons of ganglion cells

54
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

A

part of the optic nerve decussates

55
Q

What is the innervation of the dilator puppillae?

A

internal carotid artery plexus, sympathetic pathway

56
Q

What are the chambers of the eyeball in front of the lens?

A

anterior chamber and posterior chamber

57
Q

What separates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the eyeball?

A

iris

58
Q

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

59
Q

What is the primary cause of glaucoma?

A

excess aqueous humor in the chambers in front of the lens

60
Q

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

A

vitreous chamber

61
Q

What fills the vitreous chamber?

A

vitreous body

62
Q

What are the functions of the vitreous body?

A

maintain retinal curvature; allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina

63
Q

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?

A

they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit

they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball

64
Q

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?

A

both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator

65
Q

Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side?

A

right side

66
Q

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

A
  1. it is the only CN with an apparent origin from the brains’ dorsal surface;
  2. it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus
67
Q

The right fourth CN will innervate which side target muscle?

A

the right side muscle

68
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by which Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways?

A

ciliaris and sphincter pupillae are innervated by parasympathetics;
dilator pupillae is innervated by sympathetics

69
Q

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third CN?

A

ciliary ganglion

70
Q

What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the dilator pupillae?

A

lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2

71
Q

Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the dilator pupillae?

A

the superior cervical ganglion

72
Q

From the superior cervical ganglion, how do sympathetic fibers reach the dilator pupillae?

A

they join the internal carotid artery neurovascular plexus and continue along the ophthalmic artery to the central artery of the retina and enter the eyeball

73
Q

What provides the major distribution vehicle for sympathetics to the head?

A

arteries

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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