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Flashcards in Staging & Tumor Types Deck (75)
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1
Q

Define Staging

A

Process of finding out how much cancer is in a person’s body & where it is located

2
Q

What does staging help with?

A

Treatment plans

Predict person’s prognosis

3
Q

Main Factors in Staging

A

Location of primary tumor
Tumor size & extent of tumors
Lymph node involvement
Presence or absence of distant metastasis

4
Q

How are cancers staged?

A

Imaging
Lab tests
PE
Pathology reports

5
Q

Types of Staging

A

Clinical staging

Pathologic staging

6
Q

Define Clinical Staging

A

Estimate of the extent of cancer based on results

7
Q

Most Common Staging System

A

TNM

8
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

T: primary tumor
N: nodes
M: metastasis

9
Q

What information about the primary tumor is given with the T number?

A

Size
How deep it has grown into the organ
If it has grown into nearby tissues

10
Q

Define TX

A

Tumor can’t be measured

11
Q

Define T0

A

No evidence of primary tumor

12
Q

DefineTis

A

Cancer cells are only growing into most superficial layers

13
Q

Define N in the TNM Staging

A

Describes whether the cancer has spread into the lymph nodes

14
Q

Define NX

A

Nearby lymph nodes can’t be evaluated

15
Q

Define N0

A

Nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer

16
Q

Meaning of Numbers After N

A

Size
Location
# of nodes

17
Q

Define M in the TNM Staging

A

Tell whether cancer has spread to a distant body part

18
Q

Define M0

A

No cancer spread was found

19
Q

Define M1

A

Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues

20
Q

Stage 0

A

Carcinoma in situ

21
Q

Stage I, II, III

A

Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease

22
Q

Stage IV

A

Cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs

23
Q

Other Staging Terms

A
In situ
Localized
Regional
Distant
Unknown
24
Q

Define Localized

A

Limited to place where it started

No spread

25
Q

Define Regional

A

Nearby lymph nodes

26
Q

Define Distant

A

Distant part of the body

Ex: brain, liver, bones

27
Q

Tumor Types

A
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple Myeloma
Melanoma
Brain & Spinal Cord Tumors
Others
28
Q

Define Carcinoma

A

Cancer formed by epithelial cells

Ex: adenocarcinoma, BCC, SCC, transitional cell carcinoma

29
Q

Define Adenocarcinoma

A

Cancer that produces fluids or mucus

30
Q

Define Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancer that begins in the base layer of epidermis

31
Q

Define Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancer in the epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin, stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, & kidneys

32
Q

Define Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancer in the epithelial cells called transitional epithelium or urothelium

33
Q

Define Sarcoma

A

Cancers that form in bone & soft tissue

34
Q

Most Common Cancer of the Bone

A

Osteosarcoma

35
Q

Most Common Soft Tissue Cancers

A

Leiomyosarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

36
Q

Define Leukemia

A

Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow

37
Q

4 Common Types of Leukemia

A
Acute Lymphoblastic (ALL)
Acute Myeloid (AML)
Chronic Lymphoblastic (CML)
Chronic Myeloid (CML)
38
Q

Define Lymphoma

A

Cancer that begins in the lymphocytes (T or B cells)

39
Q

2 Main Types of Lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s

Non-Hodgkin’s

40
Q

Define Multiple Myeloma

A

Cancer that begins in the plasma cells

41
Q

Define Brain & Spinal Cord Tumors

A

Named based on type of cell they formed & where tumor first formed in the CNS

42
Q

Other Types of Tumors

A

Germ Cell tumors
Neuroendocrine tumors
Carcinoid tumors

43
Q

Define Neuroendocrine Tumors

A

Release hormones into the blood

44
Q

Define Carcinoid Tumors

A

Serotonin release

45
Q

Define Adenocarcinoma

A

Cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body

46
Q

Types of Adenocarcinomas

A
Lung CA
Prostate CA
Pancreatic CA
Esophageal CA
Colorectal CA
47
Q

Where do the pancreatic adenocarcinomas form?

A

Pancreatic ducts

48
Q

Where is the cancer found in esophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

Glandular cells

49
Q

Where is the cancer found in colorectal adenocarcinoma?

A

Intestinal gland cells that line inside of colon or rectum

50
Q

2 Types of Small Cell Lung Cancer

A

Oat cell

Combined small cell

51
Q

3 Sub-types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A

SCC
Large cell carcinoma
Aenocarcinoma

52
Q

2 Types of Carcinoid Tumors

A

Lung

Gastrointestinal

53
Q

2 Types of Lung Carcinoid Tumors

A

Typical

Atypical

54
Q

Where do gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form?

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Rectum
Appendix

55
Q

Where are squamous cells found?

A

Tissue that forms the surface of the skin, lining of hollow organs, lining of the respiratory tract & digestive tracts

56
Q

Where are clear cells found?

A

Breast, on the skin, lower urinary tract, & organs of female reproductive system
Renal cell carcinoma

57
Q

Define Germ Cell Carcinoma

A

Cells that develop in the embryo & become the cells that make up the reproductive system

58
Q

Where do germ cell carcinomas arise?

A
Ovaries/Testes (most common)
Head
Chest
Abdomen
Pelvis
Lower back
59
Q

Different Types of Germ Cell Carcinomas

A
Teratomas
Germinomas
Endodermal sinus tumor/yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma
60
Q

Define Myxoma

A

Myxoid tumor of primitive connective tissue

61
Q

Most Common Primary Tumor of the Heart in Adults

A

Myxoma

62
Q

What does a pathology report entail?

A

Diagnosis determined by examining cells & tissue under a microscope
Gross description form pathologist

63
Q

Types of Tissue Biopsy

A

Fine needle
Open (punch, excision)
Surgical excision
Cytology (from fluid)

64
Q

Tissue Processing

A

Permanent section

Frozen section

65
Q

Information Within a Pathology Report

A
Patient information
Gross description
Microscopic description
Diagnosis
Tumor size
Tumor margins
Other information
Pathologist's signature
66
Q

Diagnostic Terms Used on a Pathology Report

A
Abscess
Atypical
Carcinoma
Dysplasia
Granuloma
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Well differentiated
Poorly differentiated
Mitotic rate/index
67
Q

Define Atypical on a Pathology Report

A

Vague warning but not worried enough to call it cancer

68
Q

Define Carcinoma on a Pathology Report

A

Neoplasm derived from epithelium

69
Q

Define Dysplasia on a Pathology Report

A

Atypical proliferation of cells

70
Q

Define Granuloma on a Pathology Report

A

Type of inflammation characterized by accumulations of macrophages which combine into “giant cells”

71
Q

Define Hyperplasia on a Pathology Report

A

Proliferation of cells which is not neoplastic

72
Q

Define Metaplasia on a Pathology Report

A

One type of cell is replaced with another type of cell

73
Q

Define Well Differentiated on a Pathology Report

A

How much or how little tumor tissue looks like normal tissue it came from

74
Q

Define Poorly Differentiated on a Pathology Report

A

Lack the structure & function of normal cells & grow uncontrollable

75
Q

Define Mitotic Rate

A

Measure of how fast cancer cells are dividing & growing