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Flashcards in Statistics Deck (30)
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1
Q

null hypothesis

A

assumes there is not significance between control and treatment groups
studies try to disprove the null hypothesis

2
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

states there is a difference between control and treatment groups
research tries to prove this

3
Q

alpha

A

maximum permissable margin of error
normally 0.05
if P-value < alpha, reject null, accept alternate - significant result
if P-value > alpha, accept null, reject alternate - NOT significant result

4
Q

confidence interval

A

if it crosses 0, not significant

5
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive

when null hypothesis is rejected in error

6
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative

when null hypothesis is accepted in error

7
Q

relative risk (RR)

A

risk in treatment group / risk in control group

8
Q

relative risk reduction (RRR)

A

1 - relative risk (RR)

9
Q

number needed to treat (NNT)

A

1 / (risk in control - risk in treatment) or 1 / ARR

10
Q

odds ratio (OR)

A

odds outcome occurs w/ treatment vs. occurs w/o treatment

11
Q

hazard ratio (HR)

A

HR = hazard rate in treatment / hazard rate in control

12
Q

OR or HR = 1

A

event rate same in treatment and control

no advantage to treatment

13
Q

OR or HR > 1

A

event rate higher in treatment than control

don’t use treatment

14
Q

OR or HR < 1

A

event rate lower in treatment than control

treatment is beneficial

15
Q

nominal (categorical) data

A

categories, names

ex. male, female

16
Q

ordinal data

A

logical order or scale

pain scale

17
Q

continuous data

A

measurement, unlimited options

weight, temperature

18
Q

T-test

A

assess significance w/ continuous data

used for 2 sample groups

19
Q

ANOVA

A

used for 3+ sample groups

20
Q

Chi-Square

A

for discrete date (nominal or ordinal)

gender, ethnicity, pain scales

21
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated by researcher

22
Q

dependent variable

A

affected by change to independent variable

23
Q

composite endpoint

A

combines multiple endpoints
all must be similar in magnitude, importance
sum of individuals will NOT equal composite endpoint

24
Q

intent to treat

A

analysis of all patients, even if dropped from study

25
Q

per protocol

A

analysis of only those who completed trial per protocol

26
Q

sensitivity

A

how effectively it identifies those w/ condition

27
Q

specificity

A

how effectively it identifies those w/o condition

28
Q

case control study

A

compares pts w/ disease to those w/o, retrospective

cause/effect not determined

29
Q

cohort study

A

compares outcomes of exposed group to non-exposed group, prospective

30
Q

cross-sectional survey

A

estimates prevalence at one time in defined group

do not determine causality