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Basic Physician's Training Monash > Statistics > Flashcards

Flashcards in Statistics Deck (15)
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1
Q

Aim of Phase 1 clinical trial

A

Evaluate toxicity
Study drug disposition, how its administered etc
Determine dose for phase 2

2
Q

Aim of Phase 2 clinical trial

A

Estimate antitumor efficacy

Further define toxicity

3
Q

Aim of Phase 3 clinical trial

A

Compare to standard of care

4
Q

Aim of Phase 4 clinical trial

A

Post-marketing safety assessment

5
Q

Formula for positive LR

A

PLR= Sensitivity/(1-specificity)

Remember use odds with LR, not probability

6
Q

Formula for negative LR

A

NLR = (1 - Sensitivity)/Specificity

Remember use odds with LR, not probability

7
Q

Formula for NNT

A

NNT=1/absolute risk reduction

8
Q

Formula for odds ratio

A

OR = ad/bc

9
Q

Formula for relative risk

A

RR = Probability in exposed/probability in non-exposed

10
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Differences between baseline characteristics of the groups that are compared.
Problems with randomisation (allocation concealment and random sequence generation)

11
Q

What is performance bias?

A

Differences between groups in the care that is provided, or in exposure to factors other than the interventions of interest.
Problems with blinding or patient or personnel

12
Q

What is detection/observer bias?

A

Differences between groups in how outcomes are determined.

Problems with blinding of outcome assessment

13
Q

What is attrition bias?

A

Differences between groups in withdrawals from a study.

Problems with incomplete outcome data

14
Q

What is reporting bias?

A

Differences between reported and unreported findings.

Not all study findings reported

15
Q

What is publication bias?

A

Tendency not to publish negative studies, only positive results published