gastric fluid pH
~2
lysosome pH
~3/4
bile/pancreas/liver pH
basic
physiological pH
~7.4; veins rich in CO2 (7.2), arteries rich on O2 (7.4)
(blank) molecular configuration has (blank) MP and (blank) interaction
para; higher; less
basicity trend
up and left periodic table
electronegativity trend
up and right periodic table; FONClBrISCH
acidity trend
down and right periodic table
atomic radius/nucleophilicity trend
down and left periodic table
metals are - acidic/basic?
generally, basic
Avogadro’s Number
6.022x10^23 = 1 mole
1 mi = X km
1.609 km
1 m = X yd
1.094 yd
1 in = X cm
2.54 cm
1 kg = X lb
2.205 lb
1 lb = X g
453.6 g
1 gal = X L
3.79 L
1 L = X qt
1.06 qt
1 hr = X s
3600 s
convert TF to TC
TF= 9/5 (TC) + 32
convert TC to TF
TC= 5/9 (TF - 32)
what temp is the same in *C & *F?
-40*
density eqn
p=m/v
what is the same on the moon and earth?
mass b/c it isn’t a force but a quantity
spec. gravity eqn
density(obj) relative to density(h20) (no units)
mass % of solute in sol’n=
mass(solute)/volume(sol’n) aka density; density of a sol’n changes with temperature.
objects float in a medium when…?
P(medium)>P(obj)
Volume at STP =
22.4L/1 mol
mass % / % composition by mass=
m(atoms)/m(compound) X100%; never >100%; mass% is indpt. of total compound sample mass
complete oxidation product of carbon is
CO2
mass ratio of a compound=
(X mol (compound mass))/((Y mol (compound mass))
when solving for empirical formula, we assume how much sample mass?
100 g
what is a molecular formula?
the actual mole ratio of elements within a compound; MF= EF x (whole # ratio of MM to the emperical mass/EM); if MM is 2x EM then MF= EFx2
what type of analysis is used to determine mass %?
combustion analysis
molarity (M)=
moles solute/volume sol’n (mol/L)
molality (m) of a solution=
moles solute/ mass solvent (mol/kg); doesn’t change with temperature; used to calculate BP elevation & FP depression of solutions with nonvolatile impurities; 1m= 1 mol solute & 1 kg solvent
adding solvent/one solution to a/another solution is known as…
dilution; leads to a lower concentration of solute and a higher solution volume and moles of solute remain constant; described in terms of fold (based on total volume) or parts (based on volume added)
mass% (in sol’n) =
[ ] of a fluid sol’n; (mass solute)/(mass sol’n) x100%; constant with change in temp.
dilution eqn
M1V1=M2V2
mixing 2 solutions means that [solution]f…
lies b/w 2 [solution]i values or the average of both [solution]i’s
what’s beer’s law?
solutes absorb light in a specific wavelength range as EM radiation is passed through a solution; absorbance intensity varies with [solute] (proportional); Abs=eCl, e= solute constant @ wavelength max, C= [solute], l= cuvette length
M=abs therefore, abs1V1=abs2V2
reactant A is is the LR when…
actual mol reactantA:reactantB>needed mol reactantA;reactantB(of balanced eq’n)
what are the 6 inorganic chem rxn types?
precipitation rxns (AKA metathesis/double displacement rxns) acid-base rxns composition rxns decomposition rxns oxidation-reduction rxns combustion rxns
whats a precipitation rxn?
2 aq. salts added together form spectator ions and a solid salt precipitate that drops out of sol’n; used to predict products when given only aq. salt reactants.
whats an acid-base rxn?
an acid/proton donor and a base/proton acceptor form a neutral salt and h20; transfer of an H atom to an -OH of a base
what’s a composition rxn?
combining of reactants to form a product; #reactants>#products
entropy decreases, bond formation increases compared to bonds broken
opposite of a decomposition rxn; can fall into other categories like redox rxns
what’s a decomposition rxn?
reactant(s) decompose to multiple products; #reactants<#products
entrop increases, bond formation decreases compared to bonds broken (increases)
opposite of a composition rxn; can fall into other categories of rxns
what’s a redox rxn?
transfer of electrons from one atom to another;
oxidation = loss of electrons
reduction = gain of electrons; LEO goes GER
oxidation states change in redox rxns
in a redox rxn the atom/compound losing electrons is called… and it’s causing…?
reducing agent/reductant; reduction
in a redox rxn the atom/compound gaining electrons is called… and it’s causing…?
oxidizing agent/oxidant; oxidation
what’s a combustion rxn?
special type of redox rxn where the oxidizing agent is oxygen gas and the products are oxides.
combustion rxns of hydrocarbons balance how?
CxHy + (x+(y/4)) O2(g) –> xCO2(g) + (y/2)H2O(g)
combustion rxns of monosaccharides balance how?
CxH(2x)Ox + xO2(g) –> xCO2(g) + xH2O(g)
how are oxidation states determined?
+1 for every bond formed with a more e-(-) atom
-1 for every bond formed w/ a less e-(-) atom; the sum of these + any formal charges on the atom is the oxidation state for that atom.
O usually -2 except on O2 and peroxides
H usually +1 except in H2 and hydrides
X usually -1 except if it’s a central compound atom in an oxyacid
1/6=
0.166
1/7=
0.143
1/8=
0.125
1/9=
0.111
1/11=
0.091
1/12=
0.083
solubility rules for most salts w/ alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) & ammonium (NH4+) are…
h2o soluble
solubility rules for most nitrate (NO3-) salts are…
h2o soluble
solubility rules for most salts w/ halide anions (Cl-, Br-, I-) are…
h2o soluble
exceptions: heavy metals Ag+ & Pb2+
solubility rules for most salts w/ sulfate anions (SO4,2-) are…
h2o soluble
exceptions: Ba2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ca2+
solubility rules for most -OH anion salts are…
only slightly h2o soluble
KOH & NaOH are substantially soluble but Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2 are fairly h2o soluble
solubility rules for most carbonate (CO3, 2-) anion, chromate (CrO4, 2-) anion, phosphate (PO4, 3-) anion, sulfide (S2-) anion salts are…
only slightly h2o soluble