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Flashcards in Subluxation Models - Main Notes Deck (40)
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1
Q

What is the Qualifying feature of Intervertebral Subluxation

A

Partial Dislocation

2
Q

What are some mechanisms involved in causing vertebral subluxations

A
  • Postural stress
  • Trauma
  • IVD Degeneration
  • Erosive arthritides and Autoimmune Conditions
  • Infections
  • Congenital and Developmental Factors
3
Q

T or F

Scientific literature suggests Intervertebral subluxation is a common entity

A

T

4
Q

______ is the branch of mechanics that deals with the equilibrium of bodies at rest or in motion with zero acceleration

A

Statics

5
Q

Who was the developer of the basic and compensatory distortion model of the spine in chiropractic

A

Dr. Willard Carver

6
Q

Vertebral segments at _____ and ______ of normal and compensatory curves under greater mechanical stress

A

apices and transitions

7
Q

What are the most vulnerable areas if the apices and transitions are under the most mechanical stress?

A
Occ-C1-C2
C4
C7-T1
T7-T8
T12
L3 and
Lumbosacral

** these areas are predisposed to injury and partial subluxation

8
Q

What are some of the things that are thought to cause fixation/Hypomobility in the Biomechanical Model/Hypothesis?

A

1) Adhesion in Synovial Joints (Rahlman)
2) Meniscoid Entrapment (Lewit, Bogduk, Giles)
3) IVD Degeneration and Fragmentation (Cyriax, Sandoz)
4) Postural Muscle Hypertonicity (Korr)
5) Inflammation/Edema in Facet Joints

9
Q

________ is a branch of mechanics that studies

with the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the changes they produce in the motion of the body

A

Kinetics

10
Q

What is the concept of Compensation reactions and who thought of it?

A

Jirout, Kirkaldy-Willis

the concept that hypomobility in a motion segment leads to compensatory hypermobility elsewhere

11
Q

What are Kapandji’s Ideas? What Subluxation Model do his ideas fall under?

A

Change in central axis of motion

Biomechanical

12
Q

What are Mennels Ideas? What subluxation model do his ideas fall under?

A

Loss of Joint end play

Biomechanical

13
Q

What are Suh, Plaugher et al’s ideas and what model do their ideas fit under?

A

Positional Dyskinesia

Biomechanical

14
Q

What does the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration include?

A

Biomechanical effects of chronic uncorrected VSC and Biomechanical response to adjustments

15
Q

What occurs in phase 1 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Motility Aberrations are present, Bony Architecture is intact, there are initial soft tissue changes and if adjust the body will return to near normal with care in weeks to months

16
Q

What occurs in phase 2 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Phase 1 changes are present plus fibrosis, early osseous changes are seen on x-ray, disc bony outlines change and if adjusted the body will see significant improvements but long term care over several years is required to halt degeneration

17
Q

Under which phase of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration will the patient require lifetime care because their response to adjustments are slow and mostly geared towards retarding the progression of degeneration

A

Phase 3

18
Q

What kinds of symptoms are seen in phase 3 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Major degenerative changes and regenerative changes, beginning of bony fusion in anterior and posterior motor units

19
Q

In which phase of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration does the body return to near normal after only a few weeks/months of adjustments

A

Phase 1

20
Q

What does phase 4 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration look like in a patient

A

They are elderly and have total fusions of motor units plus all the changes from the last 3 phases.

their body does not respond to adjustments but at this point we are trying to retard the progression of degeneration in those segments in which are not yet in phase 4

21
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Unified (3-phase) model of VSC

A

1) Segmental Dysfunction (Kinesiopathology)
2) Instability (“true” Subluxation, histopathology)
3) Stabilization (Significant DJD, Anylosis)

22
Q

In the Unified (3 phase model) for VSC in which phase is there considered to be “true” subluxation that can be radiographically demonstrable

A

2nd Phase (Instability)

23
Q

In which phase of the Unified (3-phase model) for VSC is there significant DJD and Anylosis?

A

3rd Phase ( Stabilization)

24
Q

in version 1 of the Unified (3-phase model) for VSC what is the initiation factor? What is the initiating factor for Version 2

A

Version 1 Trauma

Version 2 - Immobilization
*** no “true” subluxation present in version 2 - immobilization causes “facilitative” lesion due to chronic muscle contracture and impaired circulation to joint

25
Q

How does IVF encroachment cause degenerative changes

A

1) Stimulates small Primary Afferent Fibers
2) Substance P of VIP is released in IVF and Facet Joints
3) Synthesis of proteolytic enzymes occurs
4) Degenerative Changes occur which cause further encroachment and structural changes leading to subluxation

26
Q
Which Subluxation Model do Nerve root and nerve root compression/traction/torsion fit under?
A) Biomechanical
B) Neurological
C) Trophic 
D) Psychosocial
A

B) Neurologic

27
Q

what does the term Neurothipsis refer to?

A

pressure on a nerve direct or indirect

28
Q

DRG and Nerve roots are summarized to be ___x more sensitive to compressive forces as compared to peripheral nerves

A

5x

29
Q

DRG cells are known to become ___________ when inflamed, and may even give rise to spontaneous neural dishcarges

A

hyperexciteable

30
Q

with exception of the first two spinal nerves all DRG lie within _____ in close association with the joint

A

IVF

31
Q

what is the term for spinal compression/traction

A

myelopathy

32
Q

subluxations of the cervical spine, particularly C1,
can cause the stabilizing attachments of the
___________ to distort the cord by traction,
leading to neural dysfunction (Grostic)

A

dentate ligaments

33
Q

What is the dorsal column responsible for?

A

kinesthesia, fine touch, fine pressure, vibration

34
Q

historically, it was felt by researchers such as Irvin Korr,
that the highly-innervated tissues around spinal joints,
including _________, may become irritated,
leading to reflex modifications in postural muscle
tonus and neural integration of postural activities

A

proprioceptors

35
Q

which reflex hypothesis has to do with proprioceptive insult?

A

Somatosomatic

36
Q

In the somatosomatic model what happens?

A

somatic afferent bombardment of the dorsal horn leads to a fascilitated cord segment and resultant somatic effects such as muscle spasm, pain, hypermobility and misalignment

37
Q

T of F
The somatosomatic reflex hypothesis is self-inhibiting
(i.e proprioceptive irritation leads to muscle spasm which inhibits further proprioceptive irritation)

A

F
It is Self-Sustaining
- positive feedback cycle

38
Q

_________ may be a more immediate/acute result of spinal fixation;
A) Stimulation of Proprioceptors
B) Stimulation of Nociceptors
C) Inhibition of Mechanoreceptors

A

C) Inhibition of Mechanoreceptors

** Deprices CNS of much needed feedback

39
Q

What is Seemans idea of “Dysafferentation”

A

that nociceptor input is increased and Mechanorecepto input is decreased which reduces the ability to inhibit pain in the spinal cord and may magnify symptoms resulting from nociceptor input

40
Q

What is the Somatoautonomic reflex Hypothesis

A

Afferent Bombardment due to VSC can cause lateral horn cells to be fascilitated (SNS) leading to visceral dysfunction