Summary

Question 1

what neurotransmitter is excitatory and which is inhibitory?

Answer 1

excitatory = glutamate

inhibitory = GABA/glycine

Question 2

what is naloxone?

Answer 2

opiod antagonist

Question 3

which fibres are mechanical/thermal and responsible fot first response in pain?

Answer 3

Alpha/delta

(thinly myelinated)

Question 4

which fibres are repsonsilve for teh second response (throbbing) pain?

Answer 4

C fibres

(unmyelinated)

Question 5

function of microglia?

Answer 5

immune defense

Question 6

what are the ascending tracts?

Answer 6

DCML

spinothalamic

Question 7

function of DCML?

Answer 7

fine touvh

proprioception

fibres cross in medulla

Question 8

function of spinothalamic tract?

Answer 8

pain, temperature

deep pressure

fibres cross segmentally

Question 9

function of corticospinal tract?

Answer 9

fine, precise movement

pyramidal tract (medulla)

Question 10

where si teh primary motor cortex found?

Answer 10

frontal lobe

Question 11

problems w cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphre presents w what posture?

Answer 11

decorticate (flexor)

(arms like C)

Question 12

problems within midbrain or pons presents with what posture?

Answer 12

decerebrate (extensor)

(arms like e)

Question 13

name the basal ganglia

Answer 13

caudate

putamen

globus pallidus

ST

substantia nigrans

Question 14

frontal lobe functions

Answer 14

voluntary movement

reasoning

executive functioning

personality

inhbiton

habit learning

Question 15

parietal lobe functions

Answer 15

right from left

reading/writing

body orientation

calculation

two point discrimination

Question 16

lesion in pareital lobe of dominant hemisphere results in what?

Answer 16

dysphasia

dyscalculia

dyslexia

apraxia (can’t perform compel meovemnts)

Question 17

lesion in parietal lobe of non-dominant hemisphere would result in what?

Answer 17

spatial disorientation

dressign apraxia

constructional apraxia

Question 18

function of the temproal lobe

Answer 18

understanding speech

memory

hearing

emotions

sense of identity

recognising faces

Question 19

function of occipital lobe

Answer 19

primary visual area

Question 20

neglect (spatial awareness) is result of stroke in dominant/non-domiant hemisphere?

Answer 20

non-dominant (right)

Question 21

stroke in the dominant hemisphere often affects what?

Answer 21

language

Question 22

banana shape bleed on CT is what?

Answer 22

subdural haematoma

Question 23

sudden headache, photophobia and N&V likely to be?

Answer 23

subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 24

how is subarachnoid haemorrhage investigated?

Answer 24

LP

Question 25

convex (lemon) shape bleed on CT?

Answer 25

extradural haemorrhage

Question 26

injury to pterion could implicate which artery?

Answer 26

middle meningeal artery

Question 27

migraine management

Answer 27

diary

NSAIDs/Triptans in acute

propanolol/topiramte prophylaxis

Question 28

drug used in trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 28

carbamazepine

(P450 inducer)

Question 29

hemicord lesion results in?

Answer 29

brown-sequard syndrome

ipsilateral motor loss and vibration/ proprioception loss

contralateral pain and temp loss

Question 30

descrbe central cord syndrome

Answer 30

loss of movement and sensation in upper limbs due to neck tramua

Question 31

nerev assoc w colles fracture?

Answer 31

median nerve → carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 32

define broca and wernicke area?

Answer 32

broca = speech production

wernicke = speech comprehension

Question 33

oligoclonal bands in CSF indicates what?

Answer 33

MS

Question 34

huntingtons is due to CAG repeat on which chromosome?

Answer 34

HTT gene on chromosome 4

Question 35

which gait is seen in parkinsons?

Answer 35

shiffling gait

Question 36

causes fo meningits dependant on age?

Answer 36

neonates- listeria, roup B strep, E.coli

children- H.influenza

10-21- meinigococcal

>21- pneumococcal

>65- listeria

Question 37

which antibodies ae present in myasthenia gravis?

Answer 37

postsynaptic Ach receptor antibodies

Question 38

managemnt of status epilepticus?

Answer 38

pre-hospital: diazepam, midazolam

in hopsital: lorazepam (diazepam in no IV access)

established: IV phenytoin