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RAD 212 - Special Procedures > Systems of the Body > Flashcards

Flashcards in Systems of the Body Deck (255)
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1
Q

12 systems of the human body

A

Skeletal- example = bones
Cardiovascular organs- example = heart
Digestive- example = alimentary canal, like stomach and intestines
Respiratory- example = lungs
Urinary- example = organs that collect urine, like kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Reproductive- example = genital, like testes for males and uterine tubes, uterus and vagina for females
Nervous- example = brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscular- example = the three muscle types: skeletal, visceral, and cardiac
Endocrine- example = all ductless glands, like the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary
Integumentary- example = composed of skin and areas like hair, nails, and sweat/oil glands, also regulates body temperature
Lymphatic System = example Lymph Nodes
Immune System- example = areas that fight disease, like WBC

2
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton contain? Axial? Appendicular?

A

206
80
126

3
Q

5 part of the axial skeleton

A
Skull
Hyoid
Auditory
Vertebral column
Thorax
4
Q

2 parts of the skull bones

A
Cranium (8)
Facial bones (14)
5
Q

8 cranium bones

A
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
6
Q

14 facial bones

A
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha  (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer
7
Q

3 auditory bones

A

Stapes
Incus
Malleus

8
Q

5 parts of the vertebral column

A
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-1 (fused 5)
Coccyx-1 (fused 4)
9
Q

2 parts of the thorax

A

Sternum-1

Ribs-24 (12 each side)

10
Q

Cartilage that connects the sternum and the ends of the ribs

A

Costal cartilage

11
Q

Ribs 1-7 because they attach directly to the sternum

A

True ribs

12
Q

Ribs 8-10 because they DO NOT attach directly to the sternum

A

False ribs

13
Q

Ribs 11-12 because they attach only to vertebrae

A

Floating ribs

14
Q

Spaces between the ribs

A

Intercostal spaces

15
Q

2 parts of the shoulder girdle

A

Clavicles 2

Scapula 2

16
Q

6 parts of the upper limbs

A
Humerus	 2
Ulna 2
Radius 2
Carpals 16
Metacarpals 10
Phalanges 28
17
Q

7 parts of the lower limbs

A
Femur 2
Tibias 2
Fibula 2
Patella 2
Tarsals 14
Metatarsals 10
Phalanges 28
18
Q

4 parts of the appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulder girdles
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

19
Q

3 parts the hip consists of

A

Ischium
Ilium
Pubis

20
Q

4 classifications of bones

A

Long (humerus of arm)
Short (carpal of wrist)
Flat (sternum)
Irregular (vertebra)

21
Q

3 functional types of joints

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

22
Q

Immovable Joints

Example would be the cranial sutures

A

Synarthrosis

23
Q

Limited Movement

Example would be roots of teeth

A

Amphiarthrosis

24
Q

Freely Moveable Joint

Example would be knee joint, shoulder joint

A

Diarthrosis

25
Q

6 types of movement

A
Gliding/Plane
Hinge
Pivot 
Ellipsoid/Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and Socket
26
Q

Sliding or gliding motion

Example: intercarpal joints of the wrist

A

Gliding/Plane

27
Q

Permit flexion and extension

Example: elbow, knee, ankle

A

Hinge

28
Q

Allows rotational movement around a single axis

Example: atlas and axis = atlas rotates around the dens of the axis and allows the head to rotate to either side

A

Pivot

29
Q

Permit flexion and extension AND abduction and adduction

Example: radiocarpal joint of the wrist

A

Ellipsoid/Condyloid

30
Q

Like the ellipsoid joint, except the two saddlelike structures fit into each other
Example: first carpometacarpal joint

A

Saddle

31
Q

Allows the greatest freedom of motion, adds lateral and medial rotation to the ellipsoid
Example is hip joint or shoulder joint

A

Ball-and-socket

32
Q

Moving away from the midline

A

Abduction

33
Q

Moving toward the midline

A

Adduction

34
Q

Circular movement of a limb

A

Circumduction

35
Q

Straightening or increasing the joint angle

A

Extension

36
Q

Bending or decreasing the joint angle

A

Flexion

37
Q

Outward stress movement

A

Eversion

38
Q

Inward stress movement

A

Inversion

39
Q

Turning downward

A

Pronation

40
Q

Turning upward

A

Supination

41
Q

Forward movement; gliding motion anteriorly

A

Protraction

42
Q

Backward movement
Moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Ex: scapulae and mandibles

A

Retraction

43
Q

Lifting, raising, or movement of a part superiorly

A

Elevation

44
Q

Letting down, lowering, or moving a part inferiorly

A

Depression

45
Q

Flexion or bending the foot toward the leg

A

Dorsiflexion

46
Q

Flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole

A

Plantar flexion

47
Q

Turning away from the regular standard or course

A

Deviation

48
Q

Flexing toward radius

A

Radial deviation

49
Q

Flexing toward ulna

A

Ulnar deviation

50
Q

Turning toward midline

A

Internal rotation

51
Q

Turning away from midline

A

External rotation

52
Q

Hunchback

A

Kyphosis

53
Q

Swayback

A

Lordosis

54
Q

Curve to the right; forming a backward “C” shape

A

Dextroscoliosis

55
Q

Curve to the left; forming a “C” shape

A

Levoscoliosis

56
Q

The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left. The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.

A

Cardiovascular system

57
Q

Right and left ventricles separated by this

A

Interventricular septum

58
Q

13 steps in the path of blood

A

IVC to the SVC of the
RT ATRIUM of the heart, through the
TRICUSPID OR RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) into the
RT VENTRICLE of the heart. From here it flows through the
PULMONARY VALVE into the
PULMONARY ARTERY, which takes the blood to the
LUNG to pick up oxygen. Blood returns by way of the
PULMONARY VEIN into the
LT ATRIUM of the heart, through the
MITRAL VALVE OR LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) and into the
LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart, which sends oxygenated blood through the
AORTIC VALVE into the
AORTA which carries the blood to the body & flows to the brachiocephalic, carotid and subclavian arteries

59
Q

Which side of the heart handles venous/deoxygenated blood? Arterial/oxygenated blood?

A

Right

Left

60
Q

Muscular wall of the heart

A

Myocardium

61
Q

Inner lining of the heart

A

Endocardium

62
Q

Thin membrane that covers the heart

A

Epicardium

63
Q

Double-walled outermost covering/sac of the heart

A

Pericardium

64
Q

Carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

65
Q

Smaller branch of artery

A

Arteriole

66
Q

Vessel for returning blood to heart

A

Vein

67
Q

Smaller branch of vein

A

Venule

68
Q

Smallest vessel, connects arterioles and venules, supplies oxygen and removes waste

A

Capillary

69
Q

Largest artery in the body
Approximately 2.5 cm
If over 5 cm, surgery candidate for aneurysm

A

Aorta

70
Q

Largest veins in the body

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

71
Q

2 circulation circuits

A

Systemic

Pulmonary

72
Q

Carries oxygenated blood to organs and tissue

A

Systemic

73
Q

Takes blood to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

A

Pulmonary

74
Q

A condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries

A

Claudication

75
Q

The blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ

A

Occlusion

76
Q

Weakened area of an artery that is “ballooned”

If blood flows on the weakened wall it can burst

A

Aneurysm

77
Q

Lack of normal heart rhythm

A

Arrythmia

78
Q

Slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

79
Q

Rapid heartbeat, greater than 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

80
Q

Arteries that serve the heart are obstructed or narrowed, most commonly from atherosclerosis

A

Coronary Artery Disease

81
Q

Deposits of plaque inside the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

82
Q

Caused by high blood pressure that forces the layers of the aortic walls to separate

A

Aortic dissection

83
Q

Thickening of valvular tissue that results in narrow valve openings

A

Stenosis

84
Q

Procedure in which small, selected areas of the heart are destroyed to treat tachycardia

A

Ablation

85
Q

Group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body
Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
Any modality can image these areas, fluoroscopic procedures too

A

Digestive system

86
Q

8 parts in the path of food

A
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Liver and Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large Intestine
87
Q

Funnel-shaped tube connected to the posterior end of the mouth
Responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus
Also plays important role in respiratory system as air from the nasal canal passes through this on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs
Because it serves two different functions, contains flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

A

Pharynx

88
Q

6 primary processes of the digestive system

A
Ingestion of food
Secretion of fluids and digestive system
Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body
Digestion of food into smaller pieces
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion of wastes
89
Q

Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach that’s part of upper GI tract
Carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length

A

Esophagus

90
Q

Muscular ring at inferior end of esophagus that closes off end of esophagus and traps food in stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter

91
Q

Muscular sac located on left side of abdominal cavity just inferior to diaphragm
In average person, size of their two fists placed next to each other
Acts as storage tank for food so body has enough time to digest large meals properly
Also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in mouth

A

Stomach

92
Q

Long, thin tube about 1 in in diameter and about 10 ft long that’s part of lower GI tract
Located just inferior to stomach and takes up most of space in abdominal cavity
Entire thing is coiled like a hose and inside surface full of many ridges and folds used to maximize digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
By time food leaves this, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from food that entered it

A

Small intestine

93
Q

Roughly triangular accessory organ located to right of stomach just inferior to diaphragm and superior to small intestine
Weighs about 3 lb and is second largest organ in body
Main function in digestion is production of bile and secretion into small intestine

A

Liver

94
Q

Small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to liver

Used to store and recycle excess bile from small intestine so it can be reused for digestion of subsequent meals

A

Gallbladder

95
Q

Large gland located just inferior and posterior to stomach
About 6 in long and shaped like short, lumpy snake with its “head” connected to the duodenum and its “tail” pointing to the left wall of the abdominal cavity
Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete chemical digestion of food

A

Pancreas

96
Q

Long, thick tube about 2 ½ in in diameter and about 5 ft long
Located just inferior to stomach and wraps around superior and lateral border of small intestine
Absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients

A

Large intestine

97
Q

4 main parts of large intestine

A

Cecum: first part of the large intestine
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal: terminates at the anus, feces exit here

98
Q

Consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts

X-ray and CT best to image these areas

A

Respiratory system

99
Q

6 parts of the upper respiratory tract

A
Nose
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
100
Q

Air enters respiratory tract, hairs filter out dust

A

Nose

101
Q

Air enters respiratory tract

A

Mouth

102
Q

Extend from the posterior nostril to the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

103
Q

Extend from the soft palate to the upper portion of epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

104
Q

Extend from the epiglottis to the larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

105
Q

Contain the vocal cords (voice box), connects the pharynx with the trachea

A

Larynx

106
Q

3 parts of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

107
Q

Windpipe, lies half in the neck and half in the thorax, c-shaped cartilage rings reinforce and protect the trachea

A

Trachea

108
Q

Trachea branches into the carina/Tracheal Bifurcation, into two smaller airways, the left and right mainstem

A

Bronchi

109
Q

Each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed

A

Lungs

110
Q

A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

111
Q

Shortness of breath

A

Dyspnea

112
Q

Bluish discoloration of the skin from deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
Bluish color that’s caused by an excess of oxygen starved hemoglobin molecules in the blood

A

Cyanosis

113
Q

Absence or near absence of oxygen

A

Anoxia

114
Q

Coughing or spitting up blood

A

Hemoptysis

115
Q

Discomfort in breathing except in the upright position

A

Orthopnea

116
Q

Absence of breathing

A

Apnea

117
Q

Body’s water treatment plan
Filters the blood and collects and expels the resulting liquid waste products as urine
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra
Ultrasound, CT and some x-ray procedures like cystograms are best to image these areas

A

Urinary/renal system

118
Q

Bean shaped highly vascular organs located at the small of the back (posterior) on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3
Right one is positioned a little lower due to the liver

A

Kidneys

119
Q

Sit on top the kidneys and affect the renal system by influencing blood pressure and sodium and water retention by the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

120
Q

Normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood

A

Renal arteries

121
Q

3 regions of kidneys

A

Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Pyramids

122
Q

Outer region of kidneys, contains blood filtering mechanisms

A

Renal Cortex

123
Q

Middle region of kidneys, contains 8-12 renal pyramids

A

Renal medulla

124
Q

Wedge-shaped region of kidneys

A

Renal pyramids

125
Q

Each kidney has a this part that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

Ureters

126
Q

Small duct that channels urine outside the body from the bladder

A

Urethra

127
Q

Painful or difficult urination

A

Dysuria

128
Q

Presence of blood in the urine

A

Hematuria

129
Q

Excessive urination at night

A

Nocturia

130
Q

Diminished urine output, less that 400ml in a day

A

Oliguria

131
Q

Excessive urine production

A

Polyuria

132
Q

Pus in the urine

A

Pyuria

133
Q

System of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction
Ultrasound or MRI is the best imaging for these anatomic regions

A

Reproductive/genital system

134
Q

3 parts of the male reproductive system

A

Prostate Gland
Seminal Vesicles
Testicle

135
Q

Main function is to produce fluid which protects and enriches sperm

A

Prostate gland

136
Q

Each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen

A

Seminal vesicles

137
Q

Either of the two oval organs that produce sperm, enclosed in the scrotum behind the penis

A

Testicle

138
Q

5 parts of the female reproductive system (usually ultrasound or MRI is best for imaging this areas)

A
Ovaries
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Cervix
Vagina
139
Q

Produce eggs and hormones

A

Ovaries

140
Q

Home to the developing fetus

A

Uterus

141
Q

Narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Best seen by hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

A

Fallopian tubes

142
Q

Narrow neck like passage forming the lower end of the uterus

A

Cervix

143
Q

Muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus

A

Vagina

144
Q

Network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
Brain and Vertebral Column
MRI, angiography, myelography are
the best to check these areas

A

Nervous System

145
Q

Respond to stimuli and transmit responses by means of electromechanical messages

A

Neurons

146
Q

Conduct nerve pulses away from the cell body

A

Axons

147
Q

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

148
Q

White, fatty, segmented covering for nerve protection

A

Myelin sheath

149
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

150
Q

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that influences personality, judgement, reasoning, social behavior

A

Frontal

151
Q

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that controls hearing, language, comprehension, storage to recall memories

A

Temporal

152
Q

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that interprets sensations like pain, temperature and touch

A

Parietal

153
Q

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere primarily to interpret visual stimuli

A

Occipital

154
Q

Functions to maintain muscle tone, coordinate muscle movement, and control balance

A

Cerebellum

155
Q

Downward displacement of cerebellum through the foramen magnum

A

Arnolds Chiari

156
Q

Relays messages between parts of the nervous system
Provides pathways for nerve fibers
Serves as the origin of the cranial nerves

A

Brainstem

157
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

158
Q

Olfactory- loss of smell

A

CN I

159
Q

Optic- blindness, usually due to a lesion

A

CN II

160
Q

Oculomotor- drooping of the eyelid, deviation of the eyeball outward

A

CN III

161
Q

Trochlear- rotation of the eye upward and outward

A

CN IV

162
Q

Trigeminal- pain or loss of sensation in the face, forehead, temple, and eye, difficulty chewing

A

CN V

163
Q

Abducens- deviation of the eye outward, double vision

A

CN VI

164
Q

Facial- paralysis of all the muscles on one side of the face, inability to wrinkle forehead (Bell’s Palsy)

A

CN VII

165
Q

Acoustic- deafness or ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

A

CN VIII

166
Q

Glossopharyngeal- disturbance of taste and difficulty swallowing

A

CN IX

167
Q

Vagus- paralysis of the main trunk of the throat on one side causes hoarseness and difficulty talking

A

CN X

168
Q

Spinal accessory- motor, shoulder movement and head rotation

A

CN XI

169
Q

Hypoglossal- motor, tongue movement

A

CN XII

170
Q

Bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

A

Cauda equina (Latin for “horse’s tail”)

171
Q

A tapering lower part of the spinal cord at the level of the first lumbar segment

A

Conus medullaris

172
Q

Inner core of the vertebral disc composed of a jelly-like material that consists of mainly water, as well as a loose network of collagen fibers

A

Nucleus Pulposus

173
Q

Tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus

A

Annulus Fibrosus

174
Q

Nucleus pulposus bulging into annulus fibrosus

A

Bulging disk

175
Q

Cover and protect the cerebral cortex and spinal column

A

Meninges

176
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

177
Q

Layer of meninges that lines the skill and forms folds that descend into the brain’s fissures and provide stability

A

Dura Mater

178
Q

Layer of meninges that lies between the dura mater and pia mater

A

Arachnoid Mater

179
Q

Innermost layer of the meninges

Rich blood supply

A

Pia Mater

180
Q

3 layers of space to further cushion the brain an spinal cord

A

Epidural Space
Subdural Space
Subarachnoid Space

181
Q

Space that lies over the dura mater

A

Epidural Space

182
Q

Space situated between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

Subdural Space

183
Q

Space filled with CSF, separates the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid Space

184
Q

Paralysis on one side of the body

A

Hemiplegia

185
Q

Paralysis or muscular weakness affecting only one side of the body

A

Hemiparesis

186
Q

Severe pain in a nerve or nerves

A

Neuralgia

187
Q

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

A

Meningitis

188
Q

Unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset, usually not permanent

A

Bells Palsy

189
Q

Painful disorder affecting one or more branches of the 5th cranial nerve; tingling in side of face, headaches

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

190
Q

Early signs progress to severe deterioration in memory, language, and motor function

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

191
Q

Progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord that results in weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, speech disturbance, and visual complaints

A

Multiple Sclerosis

192
Q

4 main functions of muscular system (MRI best modality for these areas)

A

Support the body
Permit movement
Produce body heat
ALSO an integral part of internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, uterus, and intestines

193
Q

3 types of muscles

A
Skeletal = Voluntary
Visceral = Involuntary
Cardiac = Involuntary
194
Q

Muscle ontrolled by will

Move body parts, maintain posture, and reflex movements

A

Skeletal = Voluntary

195
Q

Muscle not controlled by will

Found in organs like the stomach and intestine (peristalsis)

A

Visceral = Involuntary

196
Q

Movement of heart

Controlled by autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular tissue

A

Cardiac = Involuntary

197
Q

Muscle pain or tenderness

A

Myalgia

198
Q

Wasting of muscle

A

Wasting of muscle

199
Q

Complete or incomplete tear in the supporting ligaments surrounding a joint

A

Sprain

200
Q

Injury to a muscle or tendinous attachment

A

Strain

201
Q

Painful inflammation of one or more of the bursae

A

Bursitis

202
Q

Controls complicated body activities by secreting chemical substances into the circulatory systems
Main components are glands and hormones
Ultrasound and MRI best imaging modalities

A

Endocrine

203
Q

Specialized cell clusters or organs

A

Glands

204
Q

Chemical substances secreted by the glands in response to stimulation

A

Hormones

205
Q

7 major endocrine glands

A
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Pineal Gland
Thymus
206
Q

Gland that is no larger than a pea and lies at the base of the brain in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica
Controls all the other glands
Important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

207
Q

5 hormones the pituitary gland produces

A
GH: growth
TSH: thyroid stimulating
FSH: follicle stimulating (ovaries)
LH: luteinizing
Prolactin
208
Q

Lies directly below the larynx and partially in front of the trachea
A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

209
Q

4 hormones thyroid gland produces

A

TSH
T4 Thyroxine
T3 Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

210
Q

Gland that controls the calcium in our bodies = how much calcium is in our bones, and how much calcium is in our blood; calcium is the most important element in our bodies
Four lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid
Produces PTH: parathyroid

A

Parathyroid gland

211
Q

Two, sit on top of the kidneys
Endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol
Found above the kidneys
Produce: Epinephrine

A

Adrenal/suprarenal glands

212
Q

Gland that plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells
Produces: Insulin

A

Pancreas

213
Q

2 main functions of the pancreas

A

Exocrine function that helps in digestion

Endocrine function that regulates blood sugar

214
Q

It is a neuroendocrine gland
Produces: Melatonin
Involved in the reproductive system and the body’s circadian (24 hour body clock) rhythms
Gets smaller as you age, why adults don’t sleep as well as kids

A

Pineal gland

215
Q

Located below the sternum
A lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system
Becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty

A

Thymus

216
Q

2 hormones the thymus produces

A

Thymosin

Thymopoietin

217
Q

Enlarged thyroid gland, usually evident as swelling in the front of the neck

A

Goiter

218
Q

Acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that is a medical emergency and may lead to cardiac failure

A

Thyroid storm

219
Q

Low serum thyroid hormone, abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland

A

Hypothyroidism

220
Q

High serum thyroid hormone, abnormally high activity of the thyroid gland

A

Hyperthyroidism

221
Q

Associated with the pancreas, chronic insulin deficiency or resistance to insulin by the cells

A

Diabetes Mellitus

222
Q

Abnormally low blood glucose level

A

Hypoglycemia

223
Q

Disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones

A

Addison’s Disease

224
Q

Organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside
The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails)
Ultrasound probably best modality for this system

A

Integumentary system

225
Q

Redness of inflammation of the skin resulting from congestion of the superficial capillaries

A

Erythema

226
Q

Fungal infection of the oral mucous membranes, usually in patients with a weakened immune system

A

Thrush

227
Q

Superficial skin infections

A

Dermatitis

228
Q

Chronic skin disease that causes dilated and inflamed surface blood vessels and reddening of the nose and adjoining tissues

A

Rosacea

229
Q

Irregularly shaped patches of lighter or white skin caused by the loss of pigment-producing cells

A

Vitiligo

230
Q

Network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that make and move lymph from tissues to the bloodstream
Major part of the body’s immune system
CT best modality

A

Lymphatic system

231
Q

A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

A

Lymph

232
Q

Liquid portion of blood

A

Plasma

233
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes

234
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes

235
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

236
Q

Lymph nodes in underarm and upper chest (most common to get metastases)

A

Axillary

237
Q

Lymph nodes in neck

A

Cervical

238
Q

Lymph nodes in groin area

A

Inguinal

239
Q

Lymph nodes behind the knee

A

Popliteal

240
Q

Lymph nodes in the flood of the mouth and lower jaw

A

Submandibular

241
Q

Lymph nodes in the clavicle area

A

Subclavian

242
Q

Lymph nodes above the clavicle area

A

Supraclavicular

243
Q

Lymph nodes in the abdomen area

A

Mesteric

244
Q

Lymph nodes in the upper leg area

A

Femoral

245
Q

Distal lymph nodes in the medial epicondyle of the humerus

A

Supratrochlear

246
Q

Lymph nodes in the chest area

A

Mediastinal

247
Q

11 lymph nodes

A
Axillary
Cervical
Inguinal
Popliteal
Submandibular
Subclavian
Supraclavicular
Mesenteric
Femoral
Supratrochlear
Mediastinal
248
Q

Abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system
Largest structure of the lymphatic system
Initiates an immune response, filters and removes bacteria and other foreign substances from the bloodstream, destroys worn-out blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir
Left side

A

Spleen

249
Q

Profuse nose bleed

A

Epistaxis

250
Q

Uncontrolled bleeding

A

Hemorrhage

251
Q

Severe itching

A

Pruritus

252
Q

Hives

A

Uticaria

253
Q

Defends the body against invasion by harmful organisms and chemical toxins
Made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body
One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, also called leukocytes, which come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances

A

Immune system

254
Q

8 organs involved in the immune system

A
Tonsils and Adenoids
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Appendix
Bone Marrow
Lymphatic Vessels
Spleen
Peyer’s Patches
255
Q

The numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there

A

Peyer’s Patches