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Sexuality > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Estrogen

A

Makes the brain and the body receptive for the influence of testosterone

a reduction iof estrigen leads to vaginal dryness=> painful

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2
Q

tetsosterone

A

Testosterone makes the brain and genitals ready for sex

testosterone is more. important teh strogen in influencing female sexual arousability , sex drive and activity

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

• Sex = interplay between body, mind and context

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4
Q

Sexual response cycle Masters Johnsons

A

1) Arousal
2) Plateau: high arousal that may be maintained for some time, from several minutes to several hours
3) Orgasm: subjective experience of intense pleasure and release at sexual climax, as well as the accompanying physiological processes
4) Recovery: physiological signs of arousal reverse themselves

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5
Q

kaplan

A

Desire  Arousal/excitement  OrgasmRecovery

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6
Q

critique of sexual resspinse cycles

A
  • Sometimes arousal goes down and up and down again  not linear
  • Ignore major components of women’s sexual satisfaction: trust, intimacy, the ability to be vulnerable, respect, communication, affection, and pleasure from sensual touching
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7
Q

Coolidge effect

A

animal males who have just mated will mate again more promptly if presented with a novel female

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8
Q

sexual arousability

A

the capacity of the sexual system to react at sexual stimuli
=> Depends on an intact sexual response system and is mediated by hormones (testosteron) and neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonine)

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9
Q

sex hormones

A

Sex hormones do not influence the sexual response in itself, but determine how responsive the sexual system is, at the central as well as pheripheral level

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10
Q

estrogen

A

Have an effect on mood
=> Have an effect on external features of a?ractiveness
Have no direct effect on the sexual system
=> Makes the brain and the body receptive for the influence of testosteron

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11
Q

role of androgens: Testosterone

A

Facilitates sexual responsitivity, arousability
Facilitates sexual thoughts and fantasies

Facilitates nightly genital responses

Influences genital sensitivity
=> Testosterone makes the brain and genitals ready for sex

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12
Q

sexual responses in c hildren

A

Sexual sensations are present from birth, but need to further develop
=> explore their own body and feelings, relational and sexual meaning comes later

Genital responses in children are elicited by: – Direct genital stimulation
– Emotions

From 2years: repetitive behavior to elicit pleasant sensations =auto-erotic behavior

Do NOT forbid or punish

do not disapprove but set rules for time and place

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13
Q

Preconditions for healthy sexual development

A

affection: love, security, emotional closeness

Positive examples of relational behavior: parents are examples

Positive messages about sexuality

Opportunities to practice with sexuality: age-specific consensual sexually exploratory play

Intact development of genitals, hormones, and genderidentity

love-map ( 6-8) years - map of sexual ideas , wishes , expectations

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14
Q

talking with a child about sex and relationships: What can you gain?

A

Learning a child to talk about sexuality increases the chance that (s)he will seek help in case of sexual problems

By treating the child as an equal conversation partner, you can increase their self-worth

U You stay informed about the sexual knowledge and development of your child

U Facilitates a warm family context => preventive against sexual problems and sexually unhealthy behavior during puberty

=> Decreased risk on sexual problems, more sexual satissfaction, more self-confidence, start with intercourse at later age, more safe sex, less coercive sex, more open and positve attitudes regarding sexuality

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15
Q

sexual behavior in preubal children

A

Gradually (progressive) => step by step: boys 73%, girls 76%
=> higher chance of safe sex behavior

‘Jump style’ (non-linear): more frequently in adolescents with lower educational level or immigrants
=> lack of opportunites and skills to plan or postpone early sexual experiences => higher chance of sexual incompetence

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16
Q

emotional motivational framework dewitte)

A

differentiales between men and woman

men have high concordance between subjective & genital arousal

women have low

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17
Q

sexual desire

A

Mental proces: external (visual) or internal (fantasie) Active (spontaneous) sexual desire

Feeling desire by doing it Responsive sexual desire

Men and women differ
The sexual response starts automatically and occurs at the moment the sexual memory labels a stimulus as sexual

Subjective sexual desire results from a positive cognitive elaboration on the awareness of physical, genital responding (= arousability)

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18
Q

sexual desire

A

sexual responsivity (arousability) + sexual motivation ( incentive motivation leading to ongoing sexual responses)

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19
Q

recovery

A

takes longer in men

increases with age

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20
Q

Basson (2002):

A

Women have a lower biological urge => role of testosterone?
– Other motives to have seks?
– Women are less aware of their genital arousal responses => dissociation between subjective and genital arousal
– Orgasm varies across women

21
Q

islam culture

A

Encourage sex during marriage => enjoying sex

Sex is part of marital obligation

sexual problems caused by lack of knowledge & experience ( women don’t mastruvbate)

22
Q

feedback loop of female hormones

A

brain => pituitary gland=> ovaries

  1. hypthalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to pituitary gland
  2. in oituitary gland GnRH activates scretion of FSH & LH
  3. the enter the blood and target ovaries. Fh stimulates the developemnt of ovarian follicels & LH ovulation itself
  4. ovarian hormones go to hypothalamus and pituitary glands and start the whole process again

this feedback loop ius inhibitory at low estrogen levels but switches to stimulation at high levels( when ovulation is supposed to happen)

23
Q

effects of hormonal contraceptives on sexual function

A

have been inadequately studied remain controversial

hormonal contraception have been found to have a reducing effect on lubrication
also increasing evidence suggest HC to influence female perception of partner attractiveness with weaker preference for genetic fitness

24
Q

asexuality

A

still experience romantic attraction but no desire to express with physical sex

25
Q

sexual arousal

A

acute psychological state of excitement , also marked by changes in geneitalia (psychological & physiological usesually go together but not alsways)

sexual arousal might be triggered by external event but asl o might stem completely from within ( sponatanous)

anetrior cingulate cortex involde=> happy states

26
Q

sexual attraction in women is more fluid

A

women are mostly equally aroused by man & woman

27
Q

sexual ideation & behaviour …

A

increses testosteron levels

buut testosterone levels do influence aroudability in adult men ( testosterone replacement therapy to restore diminished sexual desire)

but in healthy men testosterone levels don’t make a difference in sexual behaviour

28
Q

orgasm men

A

men = midline of brian (thalamus & nearby strcuture)
contains many dopaminergic neurosn
cereberal cortex activity decreses

oxytocin release

men experience a refarctory period 30-90 minutes

29
Q

orgasm women

A

cc activity decreses
nucleus accumbens=> reward& pleasure

oxytocin release

30
Q

critique masters & Johnson

A

teh. odel primarily dwscribes physiological processes , effecst one can obserev or measure ( Like an erection or changes in blood presuure)

BUT DO PHYSIOLOGIACL RWSPONSES ALWAYS MATCH psychological / subjective arousal

in men tehy seem to be tied togetehr
but woem do not always seem sexually excited when tehir genitals are showing sognals of arousal ( potential disconnect between physicological & psychological )

also sexual desire is not mentioned ( the state that precedes arousal)- we want to engage in sex so we do something that makes us aroused ( kaplaN)

woemn also engage in sex not only because of sexual desire but maybve becsue wish of intamacy or other bebfits => but once engaged in physical interaction sexual aroual is triggerd & genital sensation might reinforce sexual desire

was based on a subset of women who were willing to be observed in a lab setting and wre orgasmic with intercourse

31
Q

basson

A

a model for womens sexual response that appears to be more accurate ( especially in long term relationships)
According to Basson, the context of a sexual encounter and a person’s state of mind may be the most important parts of the sexual response cycle. Context refers the current situation or environment in which sex could happen.

it emphasizes that women sexual resposne more often stems from imtimacy needs rather tehn phyysical arousal - woemns sexual arousal minimally stems from awraeness of genital changes =< leads to acceptance of differnt hypoarousal disorders

32
Q

4 reasons for the need of a different modle then masters and Johnson

A
  1. women have lower biological urge to be sexual for release of sexual tension
  2. Women’s sexual motivation can also stem from other non sexual rewards ( men also have this but less often)
  3. Women’s arousal is a mental event of excitement that may or may not be accompanied by convegsitive changes in genetalia
  4. orgasmic changes may or may not occur
33
Q

basson model aufabau

A

neutrality=> awareness of nonsexual need to be sexual=» deliberate choice to experience stimulation => awareness of desire=> more arousal / orgams => physical wellbeing & spin offs

wenn sensing an opportunity to be sexual women move from a sexual neutrality to seeking stimuli necessary for sexual desire

sexual arousal and responsive desire occur at the same time because the woman has chosen so

dyspareunia ( arousal problem) can therefore shut down awareness of sexual triggers

34
Q

Traditional model for human sex response

A

desire=> aousal=> orgasm => resolution

35
Q

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A

teh persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies thoughts, desire for sexual activity

36
Q

female sexual arousal disorder

A

during sexual arousal woman experience a lot of changes ( heart rate, muscle tension) but they do not seem to focus on these physical symptoms as a measure of their arousal. A persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal/ sexual excitement or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. - caring personal distress

buut sexually functional and dysfunctional women both had increased vaginal blood flow following a sexual srttimulus wether or not ether was subjective arousal. SO does genital arousal even have a connection to subjective arousal?

37
Q

Female orgasmic disorder

A

unabilty to attain orgasm following sufficient stimulus wich causes personal distress

  • often not perceived as distressful for women
  • women on SSRI frequently develop FOD
38
Q

the alternative model ( boson ) and HSDD/FSAD suggests

A

that it is both - teh absence of markers of spontaneous desire & inability to experience any responsive desire to sexual cues & triggers that constitute HSDD

Women’s arousal is more about appreciation of the sexual stimulus then awareness of genital changes => we need subtypes of FSAD to determine wich area of arousal teh problem is

39
Q

Incentive motivation theorie

A

incentive motivation theories emphasize that sexual motivation is the result of the activation of a sensitive sexual response system by sexually competent stimuli that are present in the environment.

the sexual system’s sensitivity is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters. The sexual system interacts with the stimulus and the individual is pushed toward sexual activity.
• Sexual motivation doesn’t emerge through a deficit signaled by the hypothalamus, but through the attractiveness of possible rewards in the environment.

Desire is activated through expectations of reward, by attractive and rewarding stimuli in the environment

motivational state is represented by bodily changes (the accompany emotions with prepare for body & action)

AUTHOR SAYS MECHANISMS that produce sexual emotional states & feelings of sexual excitement are similar to other emotions that are coupled with strong bodily reactions

40
Q

sexual arousal and action tendency

A

There is an automatic relationship between sexual stimuli and genital response, that may emerge without the person being aware of it. Tendon reflex/ t-reflex – measure for motor preparation; not sensitive to valence of an affective state but augmented in states of preparation for action & modified by differences in arousal intensity.

T-reflex is inherently non-direction (one can run either toward or away from stimulation). It would therefore be involved in actions
that are appetitively and defensively motivated.
Confrontation with sexual stimuli results in action tendencies and these action tendencies increase the likelihood of actual sexual behavior.

41
Q

neuro mechanism - emotional motor system

A

somatic motor system - motor cortex
emotional motor system, -lombic

nucleus accumbent- reward

difference liking & wanting
drugs that increase dopamine levels giftend tendency for sexual Eton

42
Q

gender difference

A

not that much - within gender differ more

mostly due to
cognitive social theory - genders observe different ooppopriate behaviours

men and women internalise different standards

social structural theory
gender diference svary in different societies according to gender differences in power - in teh majorities men hold power
-therefore in equal societies gender difference shock be weak

exaggeration of gender difremce is critical because it reinforces them - leads to more gender differnces

43
Q

women ethnological differences

A

dyspareunia in western societies
vaginismus more in maroocan
dimidhed sexual desire in latin
sexual victimazation& anorgasmia - afrcian women

44
Q

men ethnological differences

A

erectile problems -african

premature ejaculation- turkey, asia africa- islam & absistinence

45
Q

Hal et al.

A

Recent longitudinal studies have suggested that associations between sexual media use and sexual attitudes/behaviors may be mediated by sensation seeking and sexual arousal.
• SEM consumption increases levels of sexual sensation seeking thereby affects sexual behaviors.

SEm consumption is best considered in conjunction with other factors

46
Q

mori et al - youth & sexting

A

Sexual behavior and mental health factors are implicated to a greater extent in youth who engage in sexting. The results imply that discussions on sexual health and sexual education between parent, teachers, and youth should include digital health and citizenship.

47
Q

female sexuality & fluidity

A 
nonlinear-disconitunietes &amp; change over time 
- sudden , surprising transitions 
spinatenous emergence of novel forms
- relationship specific 
periodic reorganisation
48
Q

older people & sex relational aspect

A

women desire declines

sex functioning several distressed men
Consistent with epidemiological research which has identified male erectile dysfunction as the most frequent complaint in old age.
• Also stresses the importance assigned to male sex- ual potency in heterosexual relations.
• Women are seen as more passive, and thus, changes and challenges in their sexual functioning are less frequently acknowledged.
• This finding is in accordance with the concept of hegemonic masculinities, which stresses the social rights, legitimacy and importance
assigned to sexual intercourse among men but less so in women, who are not granted the same level of sexual citizenship to express
and fulfill their sexual needs and desires.

men more often then women consider themselves teh source for sexual decline

problems were often attributed to teh partner then oneself

49
Q

old people, sex, institutions

A
  • Overall, sex and sexuality seem to be of relative importance among older residents-
  • The importance of sex and sexuality to older residents should therefore be neither under- nor overestimated

Nursing staff has to be careful not to be too obtrusive when it comes to residents’ sexual expression.
• Awareness of their own attitudes toward aged sexuality in institutionalized settings is of crucial importance.
carfeul attention should be paid to individual differences

also one should consider a broad defintion for sexuality when discussing thi topic - other forms of imtimacvy also might be needed

Sexuality (4 decks)

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