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Infancy And Child Development > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Leboyer

A

Underwater birth; invented to make birth easier for mother; tub of warm water relaxes the body; less likely to have episiotomy; have obstetrician, midwife, and doulas; plan in place ICE to get to hospital

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2
Q

Birthing center

A

Your own cozy room for your family, midwife, obstetrician, doulas

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3
Q

Doula

A

Physical, emotional support

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4
Q

Nurse midwife

A

They only do pregnancy and birth

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5
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

C section; still risks, very common now

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6
Q

Induced labor

A

Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin: love hormone); falling in love with newborn; in mother and father

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7
Q

Placenta abruptio

A

Placenta detaches before birth, cutting off babies source of oxygen; leads to emergency c section; contractions push baby and placenta out which can detach the placenta before birth

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8
Q

Placenta previa

A

Blocks cervix; the placenta is supposed to be at the top of the uterus, in this case it is near the birth canal blocking the exit –> emergency c section

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9
Q

Fetal monitoring strap

A

Electrode

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10
Q

Breech position

A

Any position except for headfirst; midwives and obstetricians will try to reposition the baby from the outside

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11
Q

Episiotomy

A

Perineum; cut by doctor

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12
Q

Anoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen (any reason)

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13
Q

Signs of impending birth

A

Water breaking, bleeding, regular contractions

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14
Q

Stage one of birth

A

Labor (12 hours for 1st birth); oxytocin released by pituitary; CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) released by placenta; later births are half time

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15
Q

Stage 2

A

Delivery; 30-60 minutes; come facing down, then turn

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16
Q

Stage 3

A

Delivery of placenta; 5-30 minutes; placenta is about the same size as a baby (avg. baby is 7.5-8lbs)

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17
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Loss of placenta and hormones; only to women who are predisposed to depression experience this

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18
Q

Uses for placenta after birth

A

Skin softening agent; some bury it; other species will consume it

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19
Q

Vernix

A

Cheesy liquid human newborn covered in; easier to move; parents umbilical cord getting snagged

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20
Q

Sucking stimulates milk production

A

Breastfeeding a newborn triggers more contractions, expelling placenta and getting uterus back to its normal size; colostrum in first amount of breast milk; stimulates newborns immune system

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21
Q

Gestational age

A

38 weeks is full term; premature is more than 3 weeks early

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22
Q

Intervention: Tiffany Field

A

Massage/touch therapy; touch they (premises) would’ve gotten in the womb

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23
Q

Kangaroo care

A

Placing babies in sack carried around the chest; gives them the sensation of being held/touched while the parent can do things; similar to touch/massage therapy; feel breathing

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24
Q

Breathing bear

A

Placed in crib with baby while they sleep and mimics breathing; what they would hear if co-sleeping; physical connection with others

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25
Q

The apgar scale

A

(1952) the immediate measure of overall health of newborn; scores 7-10 are good; tests on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration; done 1st minute after birth, 5th minute, and 10th minute; 3 or below is critically low, 4-6 fairly low, 7-10 generally normal

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26
Q

The Brazelton: Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

T. Berry Brazelton; measures ability to self-regulate and manage reactions to stimuli; 47 different progressive skills;
tests: 1 regulate breaking, temp, autonomic system, tremors, startles, skin color changes set off by sights and sounds; 2 control motor system; sleep/wake “state” regulation, inhibiting random movements; 4 interact socially- mimicking, crying, alternative was to sounds, sights, etc. and how the baby integrates all areas
Used more often than apgar, especially if baby is in NICU

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27
Q

The Ballard

A

Assess baby’s physical maturity/gestational age at birth (38 weeks); find out when the baby was conceived; evaluates appearance, skin texture, motor function and reflexes; low scores mean immature development of premature birth (scale -1 - +5)

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28
Q

Stepping reflex

A

The baby over a surface they will stomp

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29
Q

Reflexes

A

We are born with the ability to perform certain actions before we have the intention to perform them; protection, survival, and caregiving

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30
Q

Babinski

A

Tickling feet and toes stretch out instead of curl up

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31
Q

Grasping reflex

A

On first day of life a baby has the ability to grasp firmly enough to be held up

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32
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Survival

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33
Q

Moro reflex

A

When you startle, the body scrunches

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34
Q

Neonate senses

A

Touch, pain response, taste, smell, hearing

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35
Q

Touch

A

Most well developed at birth

36
Q

Pain response

A

Move, HB/BP increase, palms sweat, pupils dilate, high pitched cry

37
Q

Taste

A

Prefer sweet, salty not sour, not bitter, spend more time nursing after mother has consumed sweets

38
Q

Smell

A

Well developed at birth; recognize smell of their own amniotic fluid, mothers breast milk and perfume; react strongly to unpleasant smells

39
Q

Hearing

A

Fetus can hear at 7-8 mos after conception

40
Q

High amplitude sucking padigm

A

Suck hard when they hear a new, interesting sound (we trained them by playing interesting sounds when they suck the hardest); they’re trying to make it last; get bored with things they’ve heard before but become more interested with new stimuli

41
Q

Study abroad trip to Norway

A

3 month old infants and mothers; baby in baby seat watching live feed of mom watching live feed of baby in separate rooms; first 30 seconds new material of mom talking, 2nd 30 seconds they replayed the first 30 seconds, the last 30 seconds they played new material; the babies new it wasn’t live and stopped interacting

42
Q

Milestones of brain development

A

Continue to grow glial cells up to age 24; grow synapses between neurons always (trees can grow new branches but never a new trunk); cooing: vowel sounds; babbling “bibi”; inhibition controlled by frontal lobe: “don’t walk off the steps”, “don’t put things in my mouth”, infancy and toddlerhood is all about figuring out who loves you and what you’re not supposed to do

43
Q

Left hemisphere dominance

A

Linear concrete processing, spoken and written language

44
Q

Right hemisphere dominance

A

Holistic processing, spatial processing, integration, facial recognition, music

45
Q

Hindbrain, midbrain

A

Develop earlier (survival, sleep, temp, organ function)

46
Q

Forebrain

A

Part of limbus system, neocortex

47
Q

Neocortex

A

85% of brain weight

48
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Activity dramatically increases after 3 months (myelin, wake baby up to the world)

49
Q

Left frontal lobe (LFL)

A

Approach

50
Q

Right frontal lobe (RFL)

A

Avoidance

51
Q

What does neutral stimuli do to anxious babies?

A

Activates RFL

52
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain is pliable (able to change); brain of infant is better able to recover from injury; sensitive periods

53
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds of language in another culture; stop hearing this at 8 months

54
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement; brain is housekeeping

55
Q

nREM sleep

A

More human growth hormone released, cleans up free radicals that are created while we’re awake; declarative memory enhanced

56
Q

Autostimulation

A

The baby has to stimulate itself because it isn’t wake

57
Q

Menoamines (serotonin)

A

Shut down; why we don’t remember most of our dreams; housekeeping hypothesis- least important info is unlearned, forgetting things bc serotonin is at its lowest level

58
Q

Activation stimulus hypothesis

A

The neocortex slows down but the brain stem and limbic system are active; so not as much memory being activated by the neocortex; the neocortex is trying to put the random things activated together to make sense - forming dreams; hypothalamus is more active and in control during REM causing emotion and sexual dreams

59
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome; causes/risks include cigarettes, babies to warm when they sleep, premies, young mother, prenatal care, sleeping on a soft position with pillows and blankets and stuffed animals; back to sleep; still leading cause of death

60
Q

Cosleeping

A

Norm around the world for the first 3-4 years of life except in the US; parents want to be there around the clock for the kid until they show they don’t need so much care; children who cosleep (on avg.) need their parents less during the day

61
Q

Marasmus

A

Wasting away from a poor diet

62
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Bloating in stomach from low protein

63
Q

Nonorganic failure to thrive

A

Have normal diets; associated with a lack of care or love; stop growing; emotional/social withdraw from others; associated with caregivers who are cold or distant; starts at 18 months; almost like it’s in our genes to recognize we aren’t being treated right; goes unnoticed because of young age

64
Q

Tabula rasa

A

Blank slate without any influence

65
Q

Open genetic program

A

We can always modify it

66
Q

Habituation

A

We can tell an infant has learned something, because they won’t pay as much attention to it; use this to tell if they can tell the difference between things; 3 months biggest leap

67
Q

Decline in attention

A

Lifelong ability; built in tendency to look for novelty, to want to find new things

68
Q

Vision

A

Can see the full color spectrum by age 1; video about the “cube”

69
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Using more than one sense of perception at once

70
Q

When can infants see depth?

A

Visual cliff; 3 months HR slows down when they are placed on “deep side”; 7 months HR increase (anxiety); won’t crawl across “deep side”

71
Q

Cruising

A

Walking while someone is holding you

72
Q

Social referencing

A

Babies confronted with ambiguous situation, they look to their caregiver for their reaction; on the cliff and deciding between crawling and not crawling, they look to mom

73
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Worked in lab testing levels of intelligence which led to special education; qualitative differences in stages of development; biological maturation is the driver of intellectual change; nature and nurture; mental tool box; schemes

74
Q

Schemes

A

Mental tool box/growth; we develop schemes to understand the world; changes during stages of development

75
Q

1st sensorimotor substage

A

0-1 month: simple reflex, no patterns

76
Q

2nd sensorimotor substage

A

1-4 months; primary circular reactions: repeat body actions (sucking thumb, kicking, watch hands)

77
Q

3rd sensorimotor substage

A

Secondary circular reactions- repeat actions with objects

78
Q

4th sensorimotor substage

A

8-12 months; coordination of secondary circular goals; use more than one objects together; coordination of vision and touch; modify imitations of others

79
Q

5th sensorimotor substage

A

12-18 months; tertiary circular reactions m; try new ways of using objects invent new actions

80
Q

6th sensorimotor substage

A

18-24 months; internalization if schemes; symbolic use of objects- pretend; involves mental pictures; 2nd half of year 2 is when symbolic thought/reasoning begins (ex: language) –> transition to the pre-operational stage

81
Q

Symbolic thought

A

Language, memory, and object permanence (Piaget argues OP was fully developed at 24 months)

82
Q

Object permanence

A

Symbolic thought is required for this; a not b error 8-12 months: hide ball under blanket a first and they retrieve it, then hide it under blanket b they’ll look under blanket a, they look where they found it the first time

83
Q

Renee Bailkargeon

A

Challenged Piaget’s stages of object permanence; “violation of expectation” method- measuring possible vs impossible events; after 3 months discovered possible events don’t surprise infants; highly criticized; shows infants MIGHT have an understanding of the world as young as 3 months (the 3 months are surprised, the 4 months are not)

84
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Soviet Union- collectivistic, we are all similar; we absorb what the culture thinks; language is the way intellect is shared; internalize what we learn, decontextualization of thought: separate thoughts from original context; telling friends what you leaned today

85
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Here’s what I can do, here’s what I can’t do with assistance ( ZPD), here’s what I can’t do

86
Q

Lamaze

A

Breathing technique bringing more oxygen into her brain helping her body work better (and bringing more oxygen to baby)

Infancy And Child Development (1 decks)

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