change in trait making bearer better suited to survive / reproduce
adaptations
Method of Lederber’s to demonstrate mutation as a random process
Replica plating
involves abnormal placement of body parts
homeotic mutation
humans are the “asteroid” bringing about the ____ mass extinction
sixth
codes for a stop codon and can truncate protein
nonsense mutation
the difference in trait means of a population before and after selection
selection coefficient/ differential
bad mutations accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden
muller’s ratchet
explain how rare reptiles successfully colonize islands
rafting
involve duplication of chromosomes in a hybrid of 2 species
allopolyploid
insertion or deletion of a single base in the DNA sequence
frameshift mutation
taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas
ecological equivalence
certain species live in one place and nowhere else
endemism
selects against less adapted individuals at one tail of the distribution
directional selection
fragmentation of a continuous distribution by the emergence of a barrier
vicariance
asexual lineages grow faster in each generation because all offspring (females) can reproduce
two fold cost of sex
account for the present distribution of Psychotria trees across the Hawaiian archipelago
dispersal
general type of mutation involving passage to descendants through gametes
germ line
when an organism increases it survival advantage in one area at the expense of another
tradeoff
Leigh an Valen discovered an evolutionary idea called
Red Queen Effect
researchers initially found asexual reproducers were taking ___ parasite loads than/as sexual producers. after a drought, sexual reproducers were taking ___ parasite loads than/as asexual reproducers because they had ___ amounts of genetic variability
increase
increase
decrease
domestication of plants and animals occurred about ___ yrs ago
9,000
nearly all of the 14 wild plant eating terrestrial mammals domesticated by humans came from Asia, ____, and Europe.
N Africa
the big four domesticated animals are
goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle
Tim Mousseau noted ___ frequencies of tumors and physical abnormalities in animals in hot areas than uncontaminated areas, but the some ___ (organism) may actually be adapting to high radiation levels
increase
birds
what was not features in Mousseau’s study
lizard
foxes that were tolerant and curios were ___ together
mated
the new generation of foxes transformed in behavior but also ___ known as ___ traits
appearance
correlated
from the lecture, most mutations are ___ and their individual fitness effects are ___
neutral
small
rank innovations from oldest to youngest in chronological order
collagen & true tissue. gastrula, ectoderm, and endoderm. mesoderm. hemocoel. segmentation.
streptomycin mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics
mutated gene code for ability to alter antibiotic target
tetracyline mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics
alter permeability of cell wall, showing antibiotic entry
penicillin mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics
mutated genes may code for ability to inactivate antibiotics
rank the probable dispersion route from oldest to most recent or modern humans, based on archeological and genetic evidence
africa…
Eurasia and australia .
americas.
Polynesia
before endosymbiosis could occur, what must have been present?
multiple species of prokaryotic organisms
according to “out of Africa” hypothesis of modern human origins
modern sapiens evolved from archaic sapiens in Africa, spread through the world in 2n expansion, and replaced the populations of archaic sapiens without interbreeding with them
statement that’s the best explanation for why the only native land mammal to Hawaii is the Hawaiian hoary bat
most mammals were unable to successfully disperse long distances over oceans and colonize Hawaii
artificial selection experiments almost always show a response to selection. what’s the most likely explanation for this observation
populations contain significant amounts of genetic variation
y = h2x+ b
is about?
results?
heritability.
h^2 is about genetic influence.
how would natural or artificial selection appear in a graph if its a random process
straight line
earths estimated age and 3 data sources?
4.6 BYA
oldest moon rock, meteorites,and oldest part rocks
human chromosome involved in common ancestry of humans and other primates
2
specific mutation reduced the chromosome in humans and other primates
fusion
2 chromosomes chimpanzés were involved in humans and other primates
12 and 13