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Flashcards in test 2 Deck (43)
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1
Q

change in trait making bearer better suited to survive / reproduce

A

adaptations

2
Q

Method of Lederber’s to demonstrate mutation as a random process

A

Replica plating

3
Q

involves abnormal placement of body parts

A

homeotic mutation

4
Q

humans are the “asteroid” bringing about the ____ mass extinction

A

sixth

5
Q

codes for a stop codon and can truncate protein

A

nonsense mutation

6
Q

the difference in trait means of a population before and after selection

A

selection coefficient/ differential

7
Q

bad mutations accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden

A

muller’s ratchet

8
Q

explain how rare reptiles successfully colonize islands

A

rafting

9
Q

involve duplication of chromosomes in a hybrid of 2 species

A

allopolyploid

10
Q

insertion or deletion of a single base in the DNA sequence

A

frameshift mutation

11
Q

taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas

A

ecological equivalence

12
Q

certain species live in one place and nowhere else

A

endemism

13
Q

selects against less adapted individuals at one tail of the distribution

A

directional selection

14
Q

fragmentation of a continuous distribution by the emergence of a barrier

A

vicariance

15
Q

asexual lineages grow faster in each generation because all offspring (females) can reproduce

A

two fold cost of sex

16
Q

account for the present distribution of Psychotria trees across the Hawaiian archipelago

A

dispersal

17
Q

general type of mutation involving passage to descendants through gametes

A

germ line

18
Q

when an organism increases it survival advantage in one area at the expense of another

A

tradeoff

19
Q

Leigh an Valen discovered an evolutionary idea called

A

Red Queen Effect

20
Q

researchers initially found asexual reproducers were taking ___ parasite loads than/as sexual producers. after a drought, sexual reproducers were taking ___ parasite loads than/as asexual reproducers because they had ___ amounts of genetic variability

A

increase
increase
decrease

21
Q

domestication of plants and animals occurred about ___ yrs ago

A

9,000

22
Q

nearly all of the 14 wild plant eating terrestrial mammals domesticated by humans came from Asia, ____, and Europe.

A

N Africa

23
Q

the big four domesticated animals are

A

goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle

24
Q

Tim Mousseau noted ___ frequencies of tumors and physical abnormalities in animals in hot areas than uncontaminated areas, but the some ___ (organism) may actually be adapting to high radiation levels

A

increase

birds

25
Q

what was not features in Mousseau’s study

A

lizard

26
Q

foxes that were tolerant and curios were ___ together

A

mated

27
Q

the new generation of foxes transformed in behavior but also ___ known as ___ traits

A

appearance

correlated

28
Q

from the lecture, most mutations are ___ and their individual fitness effects are ___

A

neutral

small

29
Q

rank innovations from oldest to youngest in chronological order

A
collagen & true tissue. 
gastrula, ectoderm, and endoderm.
mesoderm. 
hemocoel.
segmentation.
30
Q

streptomycin mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics

A

mutated gene code for ability to alter antibiotic target

31
Q

tetracyline mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics

A

alter permeability of cell wall, showing antibiotic entry

32
Q

penicillin mechanism of bacterial resistance to its antibiotics

A

mutated genes may code for ability to inactivate antibiotics

33
Q

rank the probable dispersion route from oldest to most recent or modern humans, based on archeological and genetic evidence

A

africa…
Eurasia and australia .
americas.
Polynesia

34
Q

before endosymbiosis could occur, what must have been present?

A

multiple species of prokaryotic organisms

35
Q

according to “out of Africa” hypothesis of modern human origins

A

modern sapiens evolved from archaic sapiens in Africa, spread through the world in 2n expansion, and replaced the populations of archaic sapiens without interbreeding with them

36
Q

statement that’s the best explanation for why the only native land mammal to Hawaii is the Hawaiian hoary bat

A

most mammals were unable to successfully disperse long distances over oceans and colonize Hawaii

37
Q

artificial selection experiments almost always show a response to selection. what’s the most likely explanation for this observation

A

populations contain significant amounts of genetic variation

38
Q

y = h2x+ b
is about?
results?

A

heritability.

h^2 is about genetic influence.

39
Q

how would natural or artificial selection appear in a graph if its a random process

A

straight line

40
Q

earths estimated age and 3 data sources?

A

4.6 BYA

oldest moon rock, meteorites,and oldest part rocks

41
Q

human chromosome involved in common ancestry of humans and other primates

A

2

42
Q

specific mutation reduced the chromosome in humans and other primates

A

fusion

43
Q

2 chromosomes chimpanzés were involved in humans and other primates

A

12 and 13