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Animal Nutrition > Test 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Test 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Energy associated with biological systems

Release, storage, and use of this energy

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2
Q

How much of diet dry matter is used for energy?

A

75%

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3
Q

What is energy derived from?

A

Not a nutrient, so it comes from organic compounds in the diet

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4
Q

What is energy derived mean?

A

Complete or partial oxidation of organic compounds

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5
Q

Where are the organic compounds from derived energy absorbed?

A

GI tract

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6
Q

What is the form of energy?

A

Chemical form

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7
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

In covalent bonds

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8
Q

When can animals used the energy stored in bonds?

A

When they break the bonds

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9
Q

What does trapping energy require?

A

Systematic breaking of bonds and trapping electrons

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10
Q

Where does energy actually come from?

A

Electrons

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11
Q

What is the systematic breaking of bonds required for?

A

To produce energy

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12
Q

Where does chemical energy originally come from?

A

The sun

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13
Q

What is heat?

A

The most common form of energy in biochemical reactions

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14
Q

What does inefficient metabolism mean?

A

Body is not 100% efficient because not all ATP energy is used for work.

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15
Q

What happens when heat escapes(given off)?

A

It allows for optimum body temperature maintenance

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16
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Unit of heat measured

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1ºC from 14.5ºC to 15.5ºC at 1 atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

What is gross energy?

A

Caloric density

Total energy in a compound

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18
Q

How is gross energy measured?

A

With a bomb calorimeter

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19
Q

What is a bomb calorimeter? (3)

A

A pure O2 environment that ignites and blows up
Chemical energy is converted to heat
Heat produced is measured and that is the caloric density/gross energy

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20
Q

How many kcal/g is glucose?

A

3.75

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21
Q

How many kcal/g is CHO?

A

4

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22
Q

How many kcal/g is protein?

A

4

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23
Q

How many kcal/g is fat?

A

9

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24
Q

How many kcal/g is alcohol?

A

7

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25
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is not created nor destroyed

It can be accounted for somewhere in the animal’s body

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26
Q

What type of energy is unavailable?

A

Fecal energy, urinary energy, and CH4

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27
Q

What is useful energy used for?

A

Work

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28
Q

What type of energy is heat?

A

Available, but not useful

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29
Q

What is heat increment?

A

How energy is lost

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30
Q

How is digestible energy calculated?

A

Gross energy – fecal energy

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31
Q

How is metabolizable energy calculated?

A

Gross energy – fecal energy – urinary energy(–Gaseous Products of Digestion=CH4)

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32
Q

What is metabolizable energy?

A

Actual energy available to tissues for metabolism

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33
Q

How is net energy calculated?

A

Gross energy – fecal energy – urinary energy(-GPD=CH4) – heat increment

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34
Q

What is net energy?

A

Actual energy used for work

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35
Q

Look at chart on page 33

A

Look at chart on page 33

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36
Q

What 5 things is energy utilized for?

A

1) Digestion and absorption of organic compounds containing covalent bonds
2) Excretion of energy containing compounds in feces and urine. Energy is not available to animal tissues
3) Metabolism of compounds that breaks the covalent bonds, transfers electrons, and releases energy
4) Trapping of energy as ATP for work
5) Produce heat from inefficient metabolism

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37
Q

Where do we get energy from?

A

Food

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38
Q

What does the oxidation of food release?

A

Free energy from chemical bonds

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39
Q

What is energy oxidized to? By what?

A

CO2 and water via enzymes

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40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons from a compound

Leads to an increase in O2 content and a decrease in H content

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41
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

Leads to an increase in H content and a decrease in O2 content

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42
Q

What does the redox state determine?

A

Caloric density

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43
Q

If a compound is (more or less) reduced, there is (more or less) caloric density.

A

More, more

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44
Q

What is the most reduced nutrient?

A

Fat

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45
Q

What is oxygen?

A

Terminal electron acceptor in the body

Reduced to H2O

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46
Q

What do electron carriers do?

A

Transfer electrons in redox reactions (coenzymes)

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47
Q

What is NAD?

A

Niacin (also NADP)

48
Q

What is the oxidized version of NAD?

A

NAD or NADP

49
Q

What is the reduced version of NAD?

A

NADH or NADPH

50
Q

What is FAD?

A

Riboflavin

51
Q

What is the oxidized version of FAD?

A

FAD

52
Q

What is the reduced version of FAD?

A

FADH

53
Q

What are electrons used for when reduced? What is it done through?

A

Energy–ATP

Electron transport

54
Q

What is ATP produced as?

A

A result of oxidation

55
Q

What does ATP provide?

A

Energy for muscle (contraction and relaxation)

56
Q

How many kcals of energy does each phosphate group have?

A

7.3 kcals

57
Q

How is energy transferred?

A

As phosphate bonds

58
Q

How many kcals of energy does creatine phosphate have?

A

10.3 kcals

59
Q

What are the 5 functions of ATP?

A

1) Muscle contraction
2) Synthesis of new compounds
3) Transmissions of nerve impulses
4) Active absorption in SI
5) Heat production

60
Q

What happens in synthesis of new compounds?

A

Amino acids link together to form protein

61
Q

How many ATP are in a link between amino acids?

A

4

62
Q

What does heat production come from?

A

Oxidation of foods (thermoregulation)

63
Q

What is intermediary metabolism?

A

Fate of dietary components after digestion and absorption

Flow of molecules through metabolic pathways and interaction between these pathways

64
Q

What is the liver?

A

The primary metabolic organ

65
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

To regulate blood concentration of most metabolites

66
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

Vein that carries absorbed nutrients from GI tract to liver

67
Q

What are cells in intermediary metabolism?

A

The level at which metabolic pathways occur

68
Q

What are 6 types of metabolic pathways?

A 
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Krebs cycle
β oxidation
Electron transport
69
Q

What are anaerobic processes? Where do they occur?

A

Oxygen is not present

Cytoplasm

70
Q

What aerobic processes? Where do they occur?

A

Oxygen is present

Mitochondria

71
Q

What is the net reaction for glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

72
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

73
Q

What is the order of things produced in glycolysis? (11)

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and... 
...Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
74
Q

What enzyme and cofactor cause glucose to turn into glucose 6-phosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Hexokinase and Magnesium
One direction glucose –> glucose 6-phosphate
ATP used

75
Q

What enzyme causes glucose 6-phosphate to turn into Fructose 6-phosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Phosphohexose isomerase
Both directions
Neither

76
Q

What enzyme and cofactor causes fructose 6-phosphate to turn into Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Phosphofructokinase and magnesium
One direction 6 –> 1,6-
Used

77
Q

What enzyme causes Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to turn into dihydroxyacetone phosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Aldolase
Both
Neither

78
Q

What enzyme causes Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to turn into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Aldolase
Both
Neither

79
Q

What enzyme causes dihydroxyacetone phosphate to turn into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Phosphotriose isomerase
Both
Neither

80
Q

What enzyme causes Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to turn into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate? What direction does it go in? Is NADH used or created?

A

Glyceradlehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Both
Both: Used to make NAD which is used to make NADH + H

81
Q

What enzyme and cofactor causes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to turn into 3-phosphoglycerate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Phosphoglycerate Kinase and Magnesium
Both
Both

82
Q

What enzyme causes 3-phosphoglycerate to turn into 2-phosphoglycerate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase
Both
Neither

83
Q

What enzyme and cofactor causes 2-phosphoglycerate to turn into phosphoenolpyruvate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Enolase and Magnesium
Both
Neither

84
Q

What enzyme and cofactor causes phosphoenolpyruvate to turn into pyruvate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Pyruvate kinase and magnesium
One
Created

85
Q

What is the net reaction for krebs cycle?

A

2 Pyruvate –> 2 acetyl Co-Aa + 2CO2 + 2 NADH

2 acetyl Co-A –> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH +2FADH2 + 2 ATP

86
Q

Is krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

87
Q

What is the order of products in krebs cycle?(8)

A 
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
α-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
88
Q

What enzyme turns Oxaloacetate to citrate? What else is involved? What direction does it go in?

A

Citrate synthase
Acetyl CoA
One

89
Q

What comes out of pyruvate at the beginning of krebs cycle? Due to what?

A

CO2 and NADH

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

90
Q

What enzyme and cofactor turns citrate to isocitrate? What direction does it go in?

A

Aconitase and Iron

Both

91
Q

What enzyme and cofactor turns isocitrate to α-Ketoglutarate? What direction does it go in? Is NAD used or created?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase and Manganese
Both
Both

92
Q

What enzyme turns α-Ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA? What direction does it go in? Is NAD used or created?

A

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenae complex
One
Used

93
Q

What enzyme and cofactor turns succinyl-CoA to succinate? What direction does it go in? Is ATP used or created?

A

Succinate Thiokinase and magnesium
Both
Both

94
Q

What enzyme turns succinate to fumarate? What direction does it go in? Is FAD used or created?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase
Both
Both

95
Q

What enzyme turns fumarate to malate? What direction does it go in?

A

Fumarase

Both

96
Q

What enzyme turns malate to oxaloacetate? What direction does it go in? Is NAD used or created?

A

Malate dehydrogenase
Both
Both

97
Q

What is the net reaction for electron transport?

A

NADH =3 ATP

FADH2 = 2 ATP

98
Q

Is electron transport aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

99
Q

Look at page 44

A

Look at page 44

100
Q

What is the net reaction overall?

A

Glucose–> 6CO2 + 2 ATP + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2FADH2 + 8NADH

101
Q

How many ATP are produced? How many in reality?

A

36

40

102
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Carbon containing compounds that also contain H and O in the same ration as water
Major energy source of the body

103
Q

What is a monomer? What is a CHO monomer called?

A

Basic building block

Monosaccharides

104
Q

What is the major energy source for most cells?

A

Glucose

105
Q

What are the 2 types of monosaccharides?

A

Hexoses and Pentoses

106
Q

What are the 4 types of hexoses?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose

107
Q

Draw the structure for glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.

A

Draw the structure for glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.

108
Q

What are the 3 types of pentoses?

A

Arabinose
Xylose
Ribose

109
Q

Draw the pentoses

A

Draw the pentoses

110
Q

What are the disaccharides? What are they made of?

A

Sucrose (Glucose, fructose)
Lactose (Galactose, glucose)
Maltose (Glucose, glucose–α 1,4)
Cellobiose (Glucose, glucose–β 1,4)

111
Q

What are the polysaccharides?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose

112
Q

Draw α-Ketoglutarate

A

Draw α-Ketoglutarate

113
Q

What is amylose?

A

Glucose with α 1,4 links

114
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Glucose with α 1,4 links and 1,6 branches

115
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Same as amylopectin, but with more branching

116
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Glucose with β 1,4 links

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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