Test 2 Part 5 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Test 2 Part 5 Deck (33)
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1
Q

T/F: There are approximately 40,000 deaths/year from breast cancer, most of which are in stage IV.

A

True

2
Q

What is believed to be the #1 reason breast cancer survival rates are higher than they once were?

A

early detection

3
Q

T/F: Delayed childbearing, being overweight, and being an Ashkenazi Jew are all risk factors for breast cancer.

A

True

4
Q

T/F: alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, long-term oral contraceptive use (>5 years), and nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, etc.) are all preventable risk factors for breast cancer.

A

False; nicotine replacement therapy is not a risk factor for breast cancer (at least not mentioned in class)

5
Q

What are some visible warning signs for breast cancer?

A
discharge/bleeding from nips,
change in shape or location of nips, 
change in shape/contour of breast,
lumps/flattened/indentations,
puckered skin,
moles/sores that grow, darken, or change shape
6
Q

What rare type of breast cancer has a poor prognosis (3 year average survival), is more common in younger women, and is especially common in African American women?

A

Interstitial Breast Cancer (IBC)

7
Q
poor prognosis,
younger women,
swelling of breast,
rapid spreading,
orange-peel appearance,
itching,
nipple retraction
A

keywords/phrases for Interstitial Breast Cancer

8
Q

T/F: If you or someone you know finds a lump during a BSE, you should get it checked urgently, because it is likely cancerous.

A

False; should get it checked but it’s most likely benign

9
Q

What is the average age of menopause?

A

50-51 years old

10
Q

T/F: More women use OTC alternative remedies and/or stress management for the management of menopause symptoms than chiropractic care.

A

True

11
Q

According to the research from Sydney in 2007, what alternative medicine treatments were rated as the most effective for the management of menopause symptoms?
What products were most effective?

A

massage, chiropractic, and nutrition (in that order);

phytoestrogen tablets, evening primrose oil, and black cohosh

12
Q

What is the term for the phase of the aging process during which a woman passes from the reproductive to nonreproductive phase?

A

Climacteric

13
Q

What is the term for the part of the climacteric before menopause occurs where the menstrual cycle is likely to be irregular?

A

Perimenopause/menopausal transition

14
Q

The final menstruation which occurs during the climacteric

A

menopause

15
Q

What is the term for the permanent cessation of ovarian function due to surgical removal of the ovaries or due to radiation therapy?

A

Artificial menopause

16
Q

What is the term for cessation of menses before the age of 40?

A

Premature menopause/premature ovarian failure

17
Q

What were the 3 goals of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW), 2001?

A

Develop a useful staging system,
Revise nomenclature,
Identify knowledge gaps

18
Q

What is a -2 on the STRAW stages? -5? +2?

A

Early menopausal transition,
menarche,
late menopause

19
Q

Physical changes associated with menopause such as, atrophy of the vaginal epithelium, cervix, uterus, oviducts and ovaries are all due to a decrease in what?

A

estrogen

20
Q

Following estrogen decrease, a postmenopausal woman may exhibit urinary urgency, incontinence or dysuria. What is this condition called?

A

atrophic cystitis

21
Q

T/F: Mammary glands typically increase in size after menopause.

A

False; decrease

22
Q

Coronary heart disease, mood disorders, cognitive decline and skin/hair changes are all clinical conditions associated with…?

A

aged, postmenopausal women (perhaps due to lack of estrogen)

23
Q

Increased vaginal pH, disappearance of lactobacilli, scattered petechiae, brownish discharge, thinning epithelium and the hyperemic appearance giving way to a smooth, shiny, pale epithelial surface all describe what female condition?

A

Atrophic Vaginitis

24
Q

T/F: 75% of women experience hot flashes related to menopause, with 82% of those experiencing them for more than 1 year.

A

True

25
Q

What is the average length of hot flashes?

A

4 minutes

26
Q

Systemic bone loss (osteoporosis) is accelerated in women after cessation of ovarian function. What type of bone does osteoporosis primarily occur in?

A

trabecular bone (vertebra, distal radius)

27
Q

Of the 10 million or so Americans over the age of 50 with osteoporosis, how many are women?

A

80%

28
Q

T/F: Approximately 1 in 2 women over 50 will have an osteoporosis related fracture in her lifetime with hip fractures being 2-3x more common in women than men.

A

True

29
Q

What is the order of osteoporosis risk in women based on ethnicity?

A

White, Asian, Hispanics, African Americans (descending order)

Think less skin pigment, higher risk.

30
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Bone densiometry

31
Q

What study was launched in 1991, involved more 167,000 women aged 50-79, and was used to study cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis?

A

The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Study

32
Q

T/F: Findings from the WHI Study indicated that Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) increased the risk of CVD, hip fractures, and colorectal cancer.

A

False; showed increase in CVD (cardiovascular disease) rates but a decrease in hip fx and colorectal cancer.

33
Q

T/F: Results from the WHI Study supported the use of HRT for prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer.

A

False; risks (CVD) outweigh the benefits